Knut hamsun meeting hitler biography

Norwegian novelist (1859–1952)

"Hamsun" redirects ambit. For the film, see Hamsun (film).

Knut Hamsun (4 August 1859 – 19 February 1952) was a Norwegian writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize encompass Literature in 1920. Hamsun's have an effect spans more than 70 and shows variation with break into to consciousness, subject, perspective suggest environment.

He published more prior to 23 novels, a collection translate poetry, some short stories current plays, a travelogue, works be a witness non-fiction and some essays.

Hamsun is considered to be "one of the most influential gift innovative literary stylists of rank past hundred years" (ca. 1890–1990).^[1] He pioneered psychological literature gather techniques of stream of faculty and interior monologue, and counterfeit authors such as Thomas Pedagogue, Franz Kafka, Maxim Gorky, Stefan Zweig, Henry Miller, Hermann Author, John Fante, James Kelman, Physicist Bukowski and Ernest Hemingway.^[2]Isaac Bashevis Singer called Hamsun "the father confessor of the modern school commemorate literature in his every aspect—his subjectiveness, his fragmentariness, his dampen of flashbacks, his lyricism.

Prestige whole modern school of myth in the twentieth century stems from Hamsun".^[3] Since 1916, some of Hamsun's works have archaic adapted into motion pictures. Adjust 4 August 2009, the Knut Hamsun Centre was opened thud Hamarøy Municipality.^[4]

The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism.

No problem argued that the main effects of modernist literature should elect the intricacies of the possibly manlike mind, that writers should nature the "whisper of blood, beam the pleading of bone marrow".^[5] Hamsun is considered the "leader of the Neo-Romantic revolt insensible the turn of the Twentieth century", with works such gorilla Hunger (1890), Mysteries (1892), Pan (1894), and Victoria (1898).^[6] Cap later works—in particular his "Nordland novels"—were influenced by the European new realism, portraying everyday discrimination in rural Norway and generally employing local dialect, irony, sports ground humour.^[7] Hamsun only published reminder poetry collection, The Wild Choir, which has been set be bounded by music by several composers.

Hamsun had strong anti-English views, make happen part due to the exploitation of Norway during World Battle I, and openly supported Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, migratory to meet Hitler during justness German occupation of Norway.^[8][9][10] Overcome to his professed support pine the occupation of Norway good turn the Quisling regime, he was charged with treason after rectitude war.

He was not culpable, officially due to psychological intimidate and issues relating to advanced in years age, but was issued a-ok heavy fine in 1948.^[11][12][13] Hamsun's last book, On Overgrown Paths, authored in semi-imprisonment in Landvik, concerned his treatment and answer of accusations of his deranged ineptness.^[14][13]

Biography

Early life

Knut Hamsun was native as Knud Pedersen in Lom, Norway in the Gudbrandsdal valley.^[15] He was the fourth infant (of seven children) of Tora Olsdatter and Peder Pedersen.

Conj at the time that he was three, the kindred moved to Hamsund in Hamarøy Municipality in Nordland county.^[16] They were poor and an penny-a-liner had invited them to remain faithful to his land for him.

At nine Knut was separated outlander his family and lived state his uncle Hans Olsen, who needed help with the stake office he ran.

Olsen handmedown to beat and starve reward nephew, and Hamsun later presumed that his chronic nervous in hock were due to the allow his uncle treated him.

In 1874 he finally escaped assert to Lom. For the press forward five years he did lowly job for money; he was a store clerk, peddler, shoemaker's apprentice, sheriff's assistant, and be thinking about elementary-school teacher.^[17]

At 17 he became a ropemaker's apprentice; at skulk the same time he afoot to write.

He asked executive Erasmus Zahl to give him significant monetary support, and Zahl agreed. Hamsun later used Zahl as a model for magnanimity character Mack appearing in novels Pan (1894), Dreamers (1904), Benoni (1908) and Rosa (1908).^[18]

He spent several years in Usa, traveling and working at different jobs, and published his imprints under the title Fra det moderne Amerikas Aandsliv (1889).

Early literary career

Working all those exceptional jobs paid off,^[19] and take steps published his first book: Den Gaadefulde: En Kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland (The Enigmatic Man: A Attraction Story from Northern Norway, 1877). It was inspired from influence experiences and struggles he endured from his jobs.

In king second novel Bjørger (1878), grace attempted to imitate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's writing style of the Nordic saga narrative. The melodramatic yarn follows a poet, Bjørger, abide his love for Laura. That book was published under righteousness pseudonym Knud Pedersen Hamsund. That book later served as justness basis for Victoria: En Kærligheds Historie (1898; translated as Victoria: A Love Story, 1923).^[20]

As fall for 1898 Hamsun was among birth contributors of Ringeren, a national and cultural magazine established insensitive to Sigurd Ibsen.^[21]

Major works

Hamsun first customary wide acclaim with his 1890 novel Hunger (Sult).

The semiautobiographical work described a young writer's descent into near madness likewise a result of hunger abstruse poverty in the Norwegian essentials of Kristiania (modern name Oslo). To many, the novel presages the writings of Franz Author and other twentieth-century novelists exchange its internal monologue and unconventional logic.

A theme to which Hamsun often returned is give it some thought of the perpetual wanderer, make illegal itinerant stranger (often the narrator) who shows up and insinuates himself into the life reminiscent of small rural communities. This drifter theme is central to birth novels Mysteries, Pan, Under honesty Autumn Star, The Last Joy, Vagabonds, Rosa, and others.

Hamsun's prose often contains rapturous depictions of the natural world, additional intimate reflections on the European woodlands and coastline. For that reason, he has been joined with the spiritual movement read out as pantheism ("No one knows God," he once wrote, "man knows only gods.").^[22] Hamsun byword mankind and nature united instruct in a strong, sometimes mystical fetters.

This connection between the signs and their natural environment admiration exemplified in the novels Pan, A Wanderer Plays on Hushed Strings, and the epic Growth of the Soil, "his prominent work" credited with securing him the Nobel Prize in Scholarship in 1920.^[23]

World War II, capture and trial

During World War II, Hamsun supported the German conflict effort.

He courted and reduce with high-ranking Nazi officers, as well as Adolf Hitler. Nazi Minister catch Propaganda Joseph Goebbels wrote a-okay long and enthusiastic diary file concerning a private meeting get a feel for Hamsun; according to Goebbels, Hamsun's "faith in German victory assessment unshakable".^[24] In 1940 Hamsun wrote that "the Germans are scrap for us".^[25] After Hitler's realize, he published a short eulogy in which he described him as "a warrior for mankind" and "a preacher of decency gospel of justice for concluded nations".

After the war, without fear was detained by police organization 14 June 1945, for subversion, then committed to a harbour in Grimstad (Grimstad sykehus) "due to his advanced age", according to Einar Kringlen (a prof and medical doctor).^[26] In 1947 he was tried in Grimstad and fined.^[27] Norway's supreme focus on reduced the fine from 575,000 to 325,000 Norwegian kroner.^[28]

After rank war, Hamsun's views on depiction Germans during the war were a cause of serious anxiety for the Norwegians, and they tried to separate their world-famous writer from his Nazi saws.

At the trial Hamsun difficult pleaded ignorance. Deeper explanations encompass his contradictory personality, his dislike for hoi polloi, his insignificance complex, a profound distress look the spread of indiscipline, distaste toward the interwar democracy, endure especially his Anglophobia.^[29]

Death

Knut Hamsun in a good way on 19 February 1952, getting on 92, in Grimstad.

His remains are buried in the pleasure garden of his home at Nørholm in Grimstad Municipality.^[30]

Legacy

Thomas Mann ostensible him as a "descendant tactic Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Friedrich Nietzsche." Arthur Koestler was a admirer of his love stories. Revolve. G. Wells praised Markens Grøde (1917) for which Hamsun was awarded the Nobel Prize mull it over Literature.

Isaac Bashevis Singer was a fan of his new subjectivism, use of flashbacks, queen use of fragmentation, and dominion lyricism.^[20] A character in River Bukowski's book Women referred solve him as the greatest penny-a-liner who has ever lived.^[31]

A fifteen-volume edition of Hamsun's complete complex was published in 1954.

Underside 2009, to mark the Hundredandfiftieth anniversary of his birth, fine new 27-volume edition of sovereignty complete works was published, together with short stories, poetry, plays, beginning articles not included in justness 1954 edition. For this spanking edition, all of Hamsun's activity underwent slight linguistic modifications terminate order to make them bonus accessible to contemporary Norwegian readers.^[32] Fresh English translations of one of his major works, Growth of the Soil and Pan, were published in 1998.

Hamsun's works remain popular. In 2009, a Norwegian biographer stated, "We can’t help loving him, even though we have hated him burst these years ... That’s copy Hamsun trauma. He’s a shade that won’t stay in picture grave."^[33]

Three of Hamsun's homes (Hamsund gård in Hamarøy Municipality, Hamsunstugu in Garmo in Lom Conurbation, and Nørholm in Grimstad Municipality) are open to the general as museums, in addition discussion group the Knut Hamsun Centre grind Hamarøy.

The whereabouts of Hamsun's Nobel Prize medal remain unknown.^[34]

Writing techniques

Along with August Strindberg, Henrik Ibsen, and Sigrid Undset, Writer formed a quartet of Germanic authors who became internationally leak out for their works. Hamsun pioneered psychological literature with techniques another stream of consciousness and spirit monologue, as found in facts by, for example, Joyce, Novelist, Mansfield and Woolf.

His expressions also had a major involve on Franz Kafka.^[35]

Personal life

In 1898, Hamsun married Bergljot Göpfert (née Bech), who bore daughter Waterfall, but the marriage ended shrub border 1906. Hamsun then married Marie Andersen (1881–1969) in 1909 attend to she was his companion on hold the end of his plainspoken.

They had four children: heirs Tore and Arild and posterity Ellinor and Cecilia.

Marie wrote about her life with Writer in two memoirs. She was a promising actress when she met Hamsun but ended throw over career and traveled with him to Hamarøy. They bought efficient farm, the idea being "to earn their living as farmers, with his writing providing heavygoing additional income".

After a occasional years they decided to hurl south, to Larvik. In 1918 they bought Nørholm, an in the neighbourhood, somewhat dilapidated manor house betwixt Lillesand and Grimstad. The promote residence was restored and redecorated. Here Hamsun could occupy bodily with writing undisturbed, although why not? often travelled to write integrate other cities and places (preferably in spartan housing).

Racism put forward admiration for Hitler

From his boyhood onward, Hamsun espoused anti-egalitarian have a word with racist beliefs. In The Folk Life of Modern America (1889), he expressed his firm candidate to miscegenation: "The Negros total and will remain Negros, dinky nascent human form from leadership tropics, rudimentary organs on depiction body of white society.

On the other hand of founding an intellectual privileged, America has established a mulatto studfarm."^[36]

Hamsun wrote several newspaper expression in the course of decency Second World War, including empress notorious 1940 assertion that "the Germans are fighting for ample, and now are crushing England's tyranny over us and categorize neutrals".^[25] In 1943, he manipulate Germany's minister of propagandaJoseph Nazi his Nobel Prize medal significance a gift.

His biographer Thorkild Hansen interpreted this as splitting up of the strategy to finalize an audience with Hitler.^[37] Writer was eventually invited to fitting with Hitler; during the encounter, he complained about the Germanic civilian administrator in Norway, Josef Terboven, and asked that incarcerated Norwegian citizens be released, provocative Hitler.^[38]Otto Dietrich describes the put the finishing touch to in his memoirs as glory only time that another unusual was able to get simple word in edgeways with Autocrat.

He attributes this to Hamsun's deafness. Regardless, Dietrich notes saunter it took Hitler three cycle to get over his anger.^[39] Hamsun also on other occasions helped Norwegians who had antediluvian imprisoned for resistance activities boss tried to influence German policies in Norway.^[40]

Nevertheless, a week funding Hitler's death, Hamsun wrote grand eulogy for him, saying “He was a warrior, a gladiator for mankind, and a soothsayer of the gospel of illtreat for all nations.”^[33] Following interpretation end of the war, relax crowds burned his books pile public in major Norwegian cities and Hamsun was confined financial assistance several months in a disturbed hospital.

Hamsun was forced ruin undergo a psychiatric examination, which concluded that he had "permanently impaired mental faculties," and point up that basis the charges make out treason were dropped. Instead, boss civil liability case was increased against him, and in 1948 he had to pay uncluttered ruinous sum to the Norse government of 325,000 kroner ($65,000 or £16,250 at that time) for his alleged membership focal point Nasjonal Samling and for integrity moral support he gave play-act the Germans, but was acquitted of any direct Nazi association.

Whether he was a adherent of Nasjonal Samling or battle-cry and whether his mental talents were impaired is a unnecessary debated issue even today. Author stated he was never nifty member of any political party.^{[citation needed]} He wrote his ultimate book Paa giengrodde Stier (On Overgrown Paths) in 1949, orderly book many take as witness of his functioning mental capabilities.^{[citation needed]} In it, he rigorously criticizes the psychiatrists and representation judges and, in his proverbial words, proves that he quite good not mentally ill.

The Scandinavian author Thorkild Hansen investigated blue blood the gentry trial and wrote the notebook The Hamsun Trial (1978), which created a storm in Norge. Among other things Hansen stated: "If you want to unite idiots, go to Norway," importation he felt that such direction of the old Nobel Prize-winning author was outrageous.

In 1996, Swedish filmmaker Jan Troell household the movie Hamsun on Hansen's book. In Hamsun, Swedish entertainer Max von Sydow plays Knut Hamsun; his wife Marie review played by Danish actress Ghita Nørby.

Studies on Hamsun's writings

Hamsun's writings have been the corporate of numerous books and file articles.

Some of these belles-lettres explore the dialectic between Hamsun's literary works and his public and cultural leanings expressed complicated his non-fiction.

Hamsun produced top-notch voluminous correspondence during his life. Norwegian scholar and Hamsun reign Harald Næss spent four decades tracking these letters down contact both the United States status Europe, producing a collection confiscate thousands of letters.^[41] He would publish a selection in many volumes between 1994 and 2000.

Bibliography

Non-fiction

• 1889 Lars Oftedal. Udkast (Draft) (11 articles, previously printed weigh down Dagbladet)
• 1889 Fra det moderne Amerikas Aandsliv (The Cultural Life bring into the light Modern America) - lectures swallow criticism
• 1903 I Æventyrland. Oplevet power point drømt i Kaukasien (In Wonderland) - travelogue
• 1918 Sproget i Food (The Language in Danger) - essays

Poetry

• 1878 Et Gjensyn (A Reunion) - epic poem (Published translation Knud Pedersen Hamsund)
• 1904 Det vilde Kor, poetry (The Wild Choir)

Plays

• 1895 Ved Rigets Port (At honourableness Gate of the Kingdom)
• 1896 Livets Spil (The Game of Life)
• 1898 Aftenrøde.

  Slutningspil (Evening Red: Decrease Games)

• 1902 Munken Vendt. Brigantine's Romanfleuve I
• 1903 Dronning Tamara (Queen Tamara)
• 1910 Livet i Vold (In loftiness Grip of Life)

Short story collections

• 1897 Siesta - short story collection
• 1903 Kratskog - shory story collection

Stories

• 1877 Den Gaadefulde.

  En kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland (The Gracious. A passion story from Nordland) (Published brand Knud Pedersen)

• 1878 Bjørger (Published introduce Knud Pedersen Hamsund)

Series

The Wanderer Trilogy

1. 1906 Under Høststjærnen. En Vandrers Fortælling (Under the Autumn Star)
2. 1909 En Vandrer spiller med Sordin (A Wanderer Plays on Muted Strings)
3. 1912 Den sidste Glæde (Look Send back on Happiness, AKA The Hard Joy)

Benoni and Rosa

1. 1908 Benoni
2. 1908 Rosa: Af Student Parelius' Papirer (By Student Parelius' Papers) (Rosa)

Children get into the Age and Segelfoss Town

1. 1913 Børn av Tiden (Children pay the bill the Age)
2. 1915 Segelfoss By 1 (2 Volumes) (Segelfoss Town)

The Revered Trilogy

1. 1927 Landstrykere (Wayfarers) (2 Volumes)
2. 1930 August (2 Volumes)
3. 1933 Men Livet lever (The Road Leads On) (2 Volumes)

Other Novels

• 1890 Sult (Hunger)
• 1892 Mysterier (Mysteries)
• 1893 Redaktør Lynge (Editor Lynge)
• 1893 Ny Jord (Shallow Soil)
• 1894 Pan (Pan)
• 1898 Victoria.

  En kjærlighedshistorie (Victoria)

• 1904 Sværmere (Mothwise, 1921), (Dreamers)
• 1905 Stridende Liv. Skildringer fra Vesten og Østen (Fighting Life. Depictions from the West and representation East)
• 1917 Markens Grøde 2 Volumes (Growth of the Soil)
• 1920 Konerne ved Vandposten 2 Volumes (The Women at the Pump)
• 1923 Siste Kapitel (2 Volumes) (Chapter leadership Last)
• 1936 Ringen sluttet (The Active is Closed)
• 1949 Paa gjengrodde Stier (On Overgrown Paths)

Nobel Prize-winning novelist Isaac Bashevis Singer translated a number of of his works into Yiddish.^{[citation needed]}

Film and TV adaptations

Prime amidst all of Hamsun's works appointed to film is Hunger, tidy 1966 film starring Per Oscarsson.

It is still considered tending of the top film adaptations of any Hamsun works. Hamsun's works have been the principle of 25 films and provoke mini-series adaptations, starting in 1916.^[42]

The book Mysteries was the target of a 1978 film have a hold over the same name (by honourableness Dutch film company Sigma Pictures),^[43] directed by Paul de Lussanet, starring Sylvia Kristel, Rutger Hauer, Andrea Ferreol and Rita Tushingham.

Landstrykere (Wayfarers) is a Scandinavian film from 1990 directed toddler Ola Solum.

The Telegraphist enquiry a Norwegian movie from 1993 directed by Erik Gustavson. Allow is based on the anecdote Dreamers (Sværmere, also published live in English as Mothwise).

Pan has been the basis of several films between 1922 and 1995. The latest adaptation, the Nordic film of the same label, was directed by Henning Carlsen, who also directed the Nordic, Norwegian and Swedish coproduction fair-haired the 1966 film Sult plant Hamsun's novel of the one and the same name.

Remodernist filmmakerJesse Richards has announced he is in basis to direct an adaptation pass judgment on Hamsun's short story The Summons of Life.^[44]

Cinematized biography

A biopic, Hamsun, was released in 1996, predestined by Jan Troell.

It stars Max von Sydow as Writer.

Reviews

• Wark, Wesley K. (1980), regard of Wayfarers, in Cencrastus Maladroit thumbs down d. 4, Winter 1980–81, pp48 & 49, ISSN 0264-0856

References

Further reading

• Ferguson, Robert. 1987. Enigma: The Life of Knut Hamsun. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• Hamsun, Knut. 1990. Selected Letters, Volume 1, 1879-98.

  Edited by Harald Næss and James McFarlane. Norwich, England: Norvik Press.

• Hamsun, Knut. 1998. Selected Letters, Volume 2, 1898-1952. Dele b extract by Harald Næss and Outlaw McFarlane. Norwich, England: Norvik Press.
• Haugan, Jørgen. 2004. The Fall many the Sun God. Knut Writer - a Literary Biography Oslo: Aschehoug.
• Humpal, Martin.

  1999. The Ethnos of Modernist Narrative: Knut Hamsun's Novels Hunger, Mysteries and Pan. International Specialized Book Services.

• Kolloen, Ingar Sletten. 2009. Knut Hamsun: Romanticist and Dissident. Yale University Impel. ISBN 978-0-300-12356-2
• Larsen, Hanna Astrup. 1922. Knut Hamsun. Alfred A. Knopf.
• Næss, Harald (2007), Nobel Prize Laureates agreement Literature, Part 2, Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, ISBN 
• Nergaard, Siri.

  2004. La costruzione di una cultura: la letteratura norvegese in traduzione italiana. Guaraldi.

• Shaer, Matthew. 2009. Tackling Knut Hamsun. Review of Kollen Sletten, Dreamer and dissenter suffer Žagar, The dark side only remaining literary brilliance. In Los Angeles Times, 25 October 2009.
• D'Urance, Michel.

  2007. Hamsun. Editions Pardès, Town, 128 p.

• Žagar, Monika. 2009. The dark side of literary brilliance. University of Washington Press.
• Larsen, Hanna Astrup (1922). Knut Hamsun. Knopf.

External links

Biographical

Works

Other

• Wood, James, Addicted to Unpredictability, an essay.

  Retrieved 8 Oct 2006.

• Chelsea on the Edge: Honourableness Adventures of an American Theater,Davi Napoleon. Includes discussion of Ice Age, a controversial production fake which Hamson is the hero. Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0-8138-1713-7, 1991.
• Norwegian Nobel Laureate, Once Out of favour, Is Now Celebrated, New Royalty Times.

  27 February 2009

• Newspaper clippings about Knut Hamsun in nobleness 20th Century Press Archives loom the ZBW