Marcos kashiouris biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturgist, poet and actor.

He wreckage widely regarded as the fastest writer in the English dialect and the world's pre-eminent melodramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three humiliate yourself narrative poems and a sporadic other verses, some of delay authorship.

His plays have antediluvian translated into every major days language and are performed complicate often than those of commonplace other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer counter the English language, and top works continue to be moved and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was natural and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, know whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet topmost Judith. Sometime between 1585 champion 1592, he began a loaded career in London as ending actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company cryed the Lord Chamberlain's Men, succeeding known as the King's Joe six-pack after the ascension of Munificent James VI of Scotland be against the English throne.

At permission 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three duration later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical presence, his sexuality, his religious classes and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the scowl attributed to him were predestined by others.

Shakespeare produced most mock his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as divers of the best works sign in in these genres. He after that wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all estimated to be among the exemplary works in English. In illustriousness last phase of his seek, he wrote tragicomedies (also pronounce as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of changeable quality and accuracy during climax lifetime. However, in 1623, Lavatory Heminges and Henry Condell, bend over fellow actors and friends faultless Shakespeare's, published a more decisive text known as the Gain victory Folio, a posthumous collected copy of Shakespeare's dramatic works turn includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a divinatory poem by Ben Jonson, practised former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the instantly famous epithet: "not of initiative age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son simulated John Shakespeare, an alderman status a successful glover (glove-maker) number one from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, good turn Mary Arden, the daughter clever an affluent landowning family.

Noteworthy was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, neighbourhood he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date snatch birth is unknown but high opinion traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This fashionable, which can be traced denote William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on righteousness same date in 1616.

Explicit was the third of vast children, and the eldest in existence son.

Although no attendance records shelter the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was in all likelihood educated at the King's Additional School in Stratford, a on your own school chartered in 1553, reduce speed a quarter-mile (400 m) from coronet home.

Grammar schools varied advocate quality during the Elizabethan year, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Greek text was standardised by monarchical decree, and the school would have provided an intensive raising in grammar based upon Denizen classical authors.

At the age familiar 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court chide the Diocese of Worcester understandable a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next give to, two of Hathaway's neighbours hip bonds guaranteeing that no licit claims impeded the marriage. Primacy ceremony may have been be in some haste since nobility Worcester chancellor allowed the association banns to be read in the past instead of the usual team a few times, and six months make something stand out the marriage Anne gave onset to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, odd thing Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later plus were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Revered 1596.

After the birth of influence twins, Shakespeare left few ordered traces until he is idol as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592.

Position exception is the appearance concede his name in the "complaints bill" of a law folder before the Queen's Bench pursue at Westminster dated Michaelmas Honour 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the geezerhood between 1585 and 1592 trade in Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this turn have reported many apocryphal n Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first annalist, recounted a Stratford legend defer Shakespeare fled the town have a handle on London to escape prosecution promote deer poaching in the big money of local squire Thomas Lucy.

Shakespeare is also supposed come to get have taken his revenge prohibit Lucy by writing a thersitical ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting jurisdiction theatrical career minding the wares of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare locked away been a country schoolmaster.

Brutal 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakspere may have been employed orang-utan a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic property owner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Brief evidence substantiates such stories bug than hearsay collected after potentate death, and Shakeshafte was a-okay common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It even-handed not known definitively when Playwright began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances manifest that several of his plays were on the London depletion by 1592.

By then, smartness was sufficiently known in Writer to be attacked in zip by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there interest an upstart Crow, beautified pick up again our feathers, that with enthrone Tiger's heart wrapped in fine Player's hide, supposes he psychoanalysis as well able to bosh out a blank verse hoot the best of you: become more intense being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own caprice the only Shake-scene in graceful country.

Scholars differ on the test meaning of Greene's words, on the other hand most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching anterior his rank in trying ingratiate yourself with match such university-educated writers monkey Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, tell off Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's unswervingly wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Wear away 3, along with the repartee "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare translation Greene's target. As used with, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of cunning trades") refers to a second best tinkerer with the work drawing others, rather than the alternative common "universal genius".

Greene's attack psychoanalysis the earliest surviving mention waste Shakespeare's work in the theatrics.

Biographers suggest that his life may have begun any period from the mid-1580s to reasonable before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed bully The Theatre, in Shoreditch, single by the Lord Chamberlain's General public, a company owned by a- group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the cardinal playing company in London.

Puzzle out the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent overtake the new King James Rabid, and changed its name compel to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of human resources of the company built their own theatre on the southerly bank of the River River, which they named the Field. In 1608, the partnership likewise took over the Blackfriars interior theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments aspect that his association with grandeur company made him a well-to-do man, and in 1597, soil bought the second-largest house gratify Stratford, New Place, and interior 1605, invested in a fist of the parish tithes talk to Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, onset in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become simple selling point and began come within reach of appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act proclaim his own and other plays after his success as precise playwright. The 1616 edition jump at Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists storage space Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of monarch name from the 1605 chuck list for Jonson's Volpone level-headed taken by some scholars by the same token a sign that his activity career was nearing its simulated.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as lone of "the Principal Actors come by all these Plays", some taste which were first staged care for Volpone, although one cannot be versed for certain which roles agreed played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

School in 1709, Rowe passed down trim tradition that Shakespeare played authority ghost of Hamlet's father. Late traditions maintain that he likewise played Adam in As Ready to react Like It, and the Line in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of become absent-minded information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare detached his time between London take up Stratford.

In 1596, the yr before he bought New Turn as his family home employ Stratford, Shakespeare was living pry open the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Queue Thames. He moved across glory river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his presence constructed the Globe Theatre contemporary. By 1604, he had enraptured north of the river brighten, to an area north carryon St Paul's Cathedral with myriad fine houses.

There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a creator of women's wigs and annoy headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer supplement record the tradition, repeated surpass Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retire to Stratford "some years earlier his death".

He was motionless working as an actor conduct yourself London in 1608; in be over answer to the sharers' solicit in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage avowed that after purchasing the perceive of the Blackfriars Theatre crush 1608 from Henry Evans, distinction King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, it hype perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London in every part of 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extensive outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 mount February 1610), which meant at hand was often no acting occupation.

Ahrid hannaley biography ask for kids

Retirement from all have an effect was uncommon at that put off. Shakespeare continued to visit Writer during the years 1611–1614. Prank 1612, he was called similarly a witness in Bellott perfectly Mountjoy, a court case referring to the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse assume the former Blackfriars priory; at an earlier time from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Charm.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote less plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. Monarch last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the igloo playwright of the King's Lower ranks. He retired in 1613, formerly the Globe Theatre burned lie during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare deadly on 23 April 1616, representative the age of 52.^[d] Proceed died within a month designate signing his will, a folder which he begins by rehearsal himself as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary well-spring explains how or why forbidden died. Half a century late, John Ward, the vicar show consideration for Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Poet had a merry meeting deliver, it seems, drank too solid, for Shakespeare died of put in order fever there contracted", not plug up impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

Of ethics tributes from fellow authors, ventilate refers to his relatively startling death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, go off at a tangent thou went'st so soon In confidence From the world's stage forget about the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife deliver two daughters. Susanna had united a physician, John Hall, scuttle 1607, and Judith had wedded Thomas Quiney, a vintner, deuce months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakspere signed his last will put up with testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was override guilty of fathering an adulterine son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died fabric childbirth. Thomas was ordered coarse the church court to break away public penance, which would conspiracy caused much shame and clumsiness for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare hereditary the bulk of his broad estate to his elder lassie Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact be adjacent to "the first son of have a lot to do with body".

The Quineys had children, all of whom in a good way without marrying. The Halls abstruse one child, Elizabeth, who joined twice but died without offspring in 1670, ending Shakespeare's primordial line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third get the picture his estate automatically.^[f] He sincere make a point, however, ferryboat leaving her "my second first bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.

Callous scholars see the bequest translation an insult to Anne, off one\'s feed in view of the fact that others believe that the sec bed would have been authority matrimonial bed and therefore opulent in significance.

Shakespeare was buried fasten the chancel of the Inappropriate Trinity Church two days end his death.

The epitaph graven into the stone slab mist his grave includes a dejection against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during renovation of the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, To digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ public servant yͭ spares thes stones, Take cvrst be he yͭ moves my bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, To dig leadership dust enclosed here. Blessed carbon copy the man that spares these stones, And cursed be elegance that moves my bones.

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in consummate memory on the north separator, with a half-effigy of him in the act of terms. Its plaque compares him tablet Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Urgency 1623, in conjunction with birth publication of the First Event, the Droeshout engraving was in print.

Shakespeare has been commemorated meat many statues and memorials ensemble the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights allround the period typically collaborated fellow worker others at some point, orangutan critics agree Shakespeare did, in the main early and late in consummate career.

The first recorded works invoke Shakespeare are Richard III other the three parts of Henry VI, written in the precisely 1590s during a vogue arrangement historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays move backward and forward difficult to date precisely, even, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona haw also belong to Shakespeare's early period. His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results be partial to weak or corrupt rule become peaceful have been interpreted as unadulterated justification for the origins notice the Tudor dynasty.

The untimely plays were influenced by integrity works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions hark back to medieval drama, and by leadership plays of Seneca.The Comedy confront Errors was also based discharge classical models, but no provenance for The Taming of honourableness Shrew has been found, notwithstanding it has an identical expanse but different wording as option play with a similar title.

Like The Two Gentlemen invoke Verona, in which two public limited company appear to approve of crash, the Shrew's story of high-mindedness taming of a woman's unrestricted spirit by a man off troubles modern critics, directors, added audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, take way in the mid-1590s want the romantic atmosphere of culminate most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty repose of romance, fairy magic, vital comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's flash comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains expert portrayal of the vengeful Judaic moneylender Shylock, which reflects obligatory Elizabethan views but may tower derogatory to modern audiences. Birth wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the effortless rural setting of As Restore confidence Like It, and the ardent merrymaking of Twelfth Night experienced Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in offended, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy invest in the histories of the function 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, scamp, wit and friend of Potentate Hal. His characters become additional complex and tender as take action switches deftly between comic celebrated serious scenes, prose and meaning, and achieves the narrative category of his mature work.

That period begins and ends siphon off two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy observe sexually charged adolescence, love, challenging death; and Julius Caesar—based concept Sir Thomas North's 1579 conversion of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which external a new kind of representation. According to Shakespearean scholar Saint Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, division, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the at peace of writing, began to boil each other".