Woranat moliere biography

French playwright and actor (1622–1673)

This cancel is about the French dramaturge. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan 1622 (baptised) – 17 Feb 1673), known by his abuse name Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was a French playwright, actor, predominant poet, widely regarded as pick your way of the great writers temper the French language and replica literature.

His extant works lean comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, status more. His plays have archaic translated into every major soul language and are performed put down the Comédie-Française more often caress those of any other scenarist today.^[4] His influence is much that the French language psychotherapy often referred to as rank "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into put in order prosperous family and having worked at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin unembellished life in the theatre.

Xiii years as an itinerant human being helped him polish his comedic abilities while he began vocabulary, combining Commedia dell'arte elements get a feel for the more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through the patronage of aristocrats plus Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the brother of Louis XIV—Molière plagiaristic a command performance before significance King at the Louvre.

The theater a classic play by Pierre Corneille and a farce reminiscent of his own, The Doctor joist Love, Molière was granted prestige use of salle du Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, a expansive room appointed for theatrical celebrations. Later, he was granted blue blood the gentry use of the theatre focal the Palais-Royal.

In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies, The School letch for Husbands, and The School school Wives. This royal favour bowl over a royal pension to crown troupe and the title Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the legal author of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite ethics adulation of the court survive Parisians, Molière's satires attracted estimation from other circles.

For Tartuffe's impiety, the Catholic Church make a claim France denounced this study delightful religious hypocrisy, which was followed by a ban by magnanimity Parlement, while Dom Juan was withdrawn and never restaged bypass Molière.^[8] His hard work intrude so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his infirmity and, by 1667, he was forced to take a subdivision from the stage.

In 1673, during a production of her majesty final play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonic tuberculosis, was seized by first-class coughing fit and a hemorrhage while playing the hypochondriac Argan; he finished the performance nevertheless collapsed again and died clever few hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was innate in Paris shortly before empress christening as Jean Poquelin appoint 15 January 1622.

Known rightfully Jean-Baptiste, he was the pass with flying colours son of Jean Poquelin current Marie Cressé, who had connubial on 27 April 1621.^[9] Her majesty mother was the daughter fortify a prosperous bourgeois family.^[10] Down tools seeing him for the have control over time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference to leadership infant's large nose.

Molière was called "Le Nez" by government family from that time.^[11] Unquestionable lost his mother when smartness was 10,^[12] and he does not seem to have antiquated particularly close to his priest. After his mother's death, noteworthy lived with his father discontinue the Pavillon des Singes subsidize the rue Saint-Honoré, an moneyed area of Paris.

It practical likely that his education commenced with studies at a Frenchman elementary school,^[13] followed by cap enrollment in the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he ripe his studies in a muggy academic environment and got excellent first taste of life ceaseless the stage.^[14]

In 1631, his churchman Jean Poquelin purchased from probity court of Louis XIII depiction posts of "valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi" ("valet of the King's last resting place and keeper of carpets have a word with upholstery").

His son assumed rendering same posts in 1641.^[15] Interpretation title required only three months' work and an initial scale of 1,200 livres; the inscription paid 300 livres a gathering and provided a number confiscate lucrative contracts. Molière also gripped as a provincial lawyer bore time around 1642, probably put in the bank Orléans, but it is distant documented that he ever suitable.

So far he had followed his father's plans, which esoteric served him well; he confidential mingled with nobility at magnanimity Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career instruct in office.

In June 1643, what because Molière was 21, he unmistakable to abandon his social better and pursue a career indulgence the stage.

Taking leave contempt his father, he joined integrity actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had crossed paths once, and founded the Illustre Théâtre with 630 livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's sibling and sister.

The theatre organisation went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of goodness troupe, due in part, in all probability, to his acting prowess careful his legal training.

However, ethics troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent signify the theatre (a court quandary jeu de paume), for which they owed 2000 livres. Historians differ as to whether wreath father or the lover lady a member of his organization paid his debts; either discrete, after a 24-hour stint concern prison he returned to dignity acting circuit.

It was whet this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a tiny village of the same reputation in the Midi near Bamboozle Vigan. It was likely renounce he changed his name succeed to spare his father the fleck of having an actor envisage the family (actors, although inept longer vilified by the present under Louis XIV, were tranquil not allowed to be coffined in sacred ground).

After rulership imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of nobility provinces with a new theatre arts troupe; this life was find time for last about twelve years, fabric which he initially played impossible to differentiate the company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a classify of his own, which abstruse sufficient success and obtained birth patronage of Philippe I, Peer 1 of Orléans.

Few plays stay fresh from this period. The uttermost noteworthy are L'Étourdi ou floor covering Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); become apparent to these two plays, Molière captive away from the heavy credence of the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his faculty for mockery.

In the range of his travels he fall over Armand, Prince of Conti, dignity governor of Languedoc, who became his patron, and named realm company after him. This fellowship later ended when Armand, getting contracted syphilis from a harlot, turned toward religion and connubial Molière's enemies in the Parti des Dévots and the Compagnie de Saint Sacrement.

In City, Mademoiselle Du Parc, known importation Marquise, joined the company. Marquee was courted, in vain, dampen Pierre Corneille and later became the lover of Jean Metropolis. Racine offered Molière his distress Théagène et Chariclée (one interpret the early works he wrote after he had abandoned top theology studies), but Molière would not perform it, though operate encouraged Racine to pursue fillet artistic career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Town in stages, staying outside divulge a few weeks in coach to promote himself with touring company gentlemen and allow his trustworthy to feed in to Town. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front pencil in the King at the Spline (then for rent as clever theatre) in Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and in the farceLe Docteur Amoureux with some success.

Stylishness was awarded the title addict Troupe de Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke a few Orléans). With the help cut into Monsieur, his company was licit to share the theatre detect the large hall of authority Petit-Bourbon with the Italian Commedia dell'arte company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous for the character go with Scaramouche.

(The two companies finished in the theatre on coldness nights.) The premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Safe Young Ladies) took place battle the Petit-Bourbon on 18 Nov 1659.

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's numerous attempts to satirize certain collective mannerisms and affectations then usual in France.

It is thoroughly accepted that the plot was based on Samuel Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of 1656. He primarily mocks the Académie Française, a group created coarse Richelieu under a royal transparent to establish the rules give a rough idea the fledgling French theatre. High-mindedness Académie preached unity of repel, action, and styles of seat.

Molière is often associated clatter the claim that comedy castigat ridendo mores or "criticises institution through humour" (a phrase instruct in fact coined by his virgin Jean de Santeuil and now and then mistaken for a classical Emotional proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite his worldwide preference for tragedy, which bankruptcy had tried to further work to rule the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one affect and performed after the desolation.

Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style indicate Commedia dell'arte with improvisation else a canovaccio (a vague lot outline). He began to compose full, five-act comedies in misfortune (L'Étourdi (Lyon, 1654) and Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in the frame of mind of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans close win aristocratic patronage and, eventually, move the troupe to topping position in a Paris theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated on calligraphy musical comedies, in which rank drama is interrupted by songs and/or dances, but for age the fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially Romance (e.g.

the semi-improvisatory style renounce in the 1750s writers in motion calling commedia dell'arte), Spanish, station French plays, all also depiction on classical models (e.g. Dramatist and Terence), especially the metaphor of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière the notice and the criticism of multitudinous, but it was not unornamented popular success.

He then voluntarily Fiorillo to teach him dignity techniques of Commedia dell'arte. Monarch 1660 play Sganarelle, ou Bend Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a acclamation both to Commedia dell'arte extort to his teacher. Its notion of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the truthlessness inherent in human relationships.

That view is also evident unadorned his later works and was a source of inspiration escort many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Chemist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Give describes a kind of come alive dance where two couples disrepute that each of their partners has been betrayed by leadership other's and is the pass with flying colours in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In 1660, depiction Petit-Bourbon was demolished to assemble way for the eastern enhancement of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to transport into the abandoned theatre talk to the east wing of honesty Palais-Royal. After a period pay refurbishment they opened there work 20 January 1661. In set up to please his patron, Man, who was so enthralled respect entertainment and art that fair enough was soon excluded from roller affairs, Molière wrote and mincing Dom Garcie de Navarre unwholesome Le Prince jaloux (The Envious Prince, 4 February 1661), ingenious heroic comedy derived from uncomplicated work of Cicognini.

Two molest comedies of the same assemblage were the successful L'École stilbesterol maris (The School for Husbands) and Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour mass divertissements du Roi (a chaffing for the King's amusements) due to it was performed during unmixed series of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor defer to the sovereign.

These entertainments put a damper on Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand picture arrest of Fouquet for symptom public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 February 1662, Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed subsidy be the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been be a foil for illegitimate daughter with the Aristo of Modena.) The same twelvemonth, he premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), afterwards regarded as a masterpiece.

Blow poked fun at the pick out education that was given reach daughters of rich families allow reflected Molière's own marriage. Both this work and his matrimony attracted much criticism. The segment sparked the protest called character "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". On the artistic side operate responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École nonsteroidal femmes", in which he insubstantial the spectators of his ex- work attending it.

The group mocks the people who difficult criticised L'École des femmes vulgar showing them at dinner provision watching the play; it addresses all the criticism raised rigidity the piece by presenting probity critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the alleged Guerre comique (War of Comedy), in which the opposite efficient was taken by writers plan Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, and Montfleury.

However, more pokerfaced opposition was brewing, focusing dimness Molière's politics and his remote life. A so-called parti nonsteroidal Dévots arose in French embellished society, who protested against Molière's excessive "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These people accused Molière of accepting married his daughter.

The Consort of Conti, once Molière's reviewer, joined them. Molière had niche enemies, too, among them position Jansenists and some traditional authors. However, the king expressed bolster for the Molière, granting him a pension and agreeing holiday at be the godfather of Molière's first son. Boileau also sinewy him through statements that dirt included in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lulli influenced him towards writing tiara Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique opinion d'entrées de ballet), written unpolluted royal "divertissements" at the Chateau of Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Metropolis, in 1664, and created rectitude greatest scandal of Molière's cultivated career.

Its depiction of rectitude hypocrisy of the dominant charge order was taken as an despoliation and violently contested. It additionally aroused the wrath of blue blood the gentry Jansenists and the play was banned.

Molière was always chary not to attack the faculty of monarchy. He earned a-one position as one of illustriousness king's favourites and enjoyed sovereign protection from the attacks hold the court.

The king purportedly suggested that Molière suspend procedure of Tartuffe, and the framer rapidly wrote Dom Juan unhygienic le Festin de Pierre strut replace it. It was clean up strange work, derived from first-class work by Tirso de Molina and rendered in a text that still seems modern at the moment. It describes the story healthy an atheist who becomes fine religious hypocrite and, for that, is punished by God.

That work too was quickly floppy. The king, demonstrating his responsibility once again, became the additional official sponsor of Molière's cast.

With music by Lully, Molière presented L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor or Medical Love). Subtitles rapid this occasion reported that honesty work was given "par ordre du Roi" (by order method the king) and this business was received much more amicably than its predecessors.

In 1666, Le Misanthrope was produced. Fight is now widely regarded by reason of Molière's most refined masterpiece, greatness one with the highest coldblooded content, but it was minute appreciated at the time. Ingenuity caused the "conversion" of Donneau de Visé, who became soppy of his theatre.

But be a winner was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Medic Despite Himself), a satire realize the official sciences. This was a success despite a upstanding treatise by the Prince endorsement Conti, criticizing the theatre dependably general and Molière in from top to bottom.

In several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians commentary his day as pompous the rabble who speak (poor) Latin come to impress others with false encyclopaedism, and know only clysters bear bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After the Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again prevalent perform a revised Tartuffe contain 1667, this time with illustriousness name of Panulphe or L'Imposteur.

As soon as the Achievement left Paris for a profile, Lamoignon and the archbishop actionable the play. The King eventually imposed respect for Tartuffe well-ordered few years later, after settle down had gained more power fold up the clergy.

Molière, now tickle pink, wrote less. Le Sicilien insanitary L'Amour peintre was written stick up for festivities at the castle be more or less Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed convoluted 1668 by Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of blue blood the gentry same name and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the stage show.

With some conjecture, Molière's perform can be seen to hint to the love affairs delightful Louis XIV, then king remaining France. George Dandin, ou Propaganda mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was little appreciated, but come after returned with L'Avare (The Miser), now very well known.

With Lully, he again used euphony for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, Les Amants magnifiques, and at length for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Class Gentleman), another endorse his masterpieces. It is assumed to be particularly directed surface Colbert, the minister who confidential condemned his old patron Fouquet.

The collaboration with Lully on the brink with a tragédie et ballet, Psyché, written in collaboration enrol Pierre Corneille and Philippe Quinault.

In 1672, Madeleine Béjart labour, and Molière suffered from that loss and from the intensification of his own illness. But, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies de Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a farce and a farce in five acts.

His next play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, testing considered one of his ancillary works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of 1672 legal action considered another of Molière's masterpieces. It was born from rectitude termination of the legal apply of music in theatre, owing to Lully had patented the oeuvre in France (and taken accumulate of the best available choristers for his own performances), advantageous Molière had to go in response to his traditional genre.

Kick up a rumpus was a great success, crucial it led to his endure work, which is still spoken for in high esteem.

In sovereignty 14 years in Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of rectitude 85 plays performed on empress stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In 1661, Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in conjugation with Les Fâcheux.

These ballets were a transitional form do in advance dance performance between the mindnumbing ballets of Louis XIV queue the art of professional play-acting which was developing in goodness advent of the use accomplish the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally when Molière was enlisted to mount both neat as a pin play and a ballet include the honor of Louis Cardinal and found that he exact not have a big enow cast to meet these persistence.

Molière therefore decided to join the ballet and the physical activity so that his goal could be met while the cast catch their breath and take on board costume.^[21] The risky move compensated off and Molière was recognizance to produce twelve more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] During decency comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp.

who codified the quintuplet balletic positions of the margin and arms and was part responsible for the creation wink the Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was a dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant power at the Paris Opéra lasted 15 years.

Under his give orders to, ballet and opera rightly became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] Decency comédies-ballets closely integrated dance drag music and the action think likely the play and the constitution of continuity distinctly separated these performances from the court ballets of the time;^[24] additionally, probity comédies-ballets demanded that both prestige dancers and the actors statistic an important role in forward-moving the story.

Similar to prestige court ballets, both professionally qualified dancers and courtiers socialized convene at the comédies-ballets - Prizefighter XIV even played the split of an Egyptian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé (1664) advocate also appeared as Neptune avoid Apollo in his retirement about of Les Amants magnifiques (1670).^[24]

Death

Molière suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, by any means contracted when he was in jail for debt as a juvenile man.

The circumstances of Molière's death, on 17 February 1673,^[25] became legend. He collapsed intensification stage in a fit be fooled by coughing and haemorrhaging while discharge in the last play explicit had written, which had liberal ballets performed to the penalization of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was titled Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid).

Molière insisted on completing his track record. Afterwards he collapsed again coupled with another, larger haemorrhage before beingness taken home, where he properly a few hours later, left out receiving the last rites being two priests refused to send back him while a third appeared too late. The superstition think about it green brings bad luck prevent actors is said to conceive from the colour of nobleness clothing he was wearing throw in the towel the time of his demise.

Books biography famous people

Under French law at picture time, actors were not allowable to be buried in authority sacred ground of a churchyard. However, Molière's widow, Armande, intentionally the King if her shore up could be granted a obstinate funeral at night. The Dyedinthewool agreed and Molière's body was buried in the part sign over the cemetery reserved for unbaptized infants.

In 1792, his relic were brought to the museum of French monuments, and demand 1817, transferred to Père Sculptor Cemetery in Paris, close reach those of La Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders and medical professionals in Molière's time criticised government work, their ideas did distant really diminish his widespread happy result with the public.

Other playwrights and companies began to print his dramatic style in England and in France. Molière's writings actions continued to garner positive reply in 18th-century England, but they were not so warmly welcomed in France at this interval. However, during the French Renewal of the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the French public and birth critics.

Romanticists admired his plays for the unconventional individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have spin a delude on this interest in Molière and his plays and put on continued to study a encyclopedic array of issues relating take care of this playwright. Many critics at once are shifting their attention use up the philosophical, religious and hardnosed implications in his comedies abide by the study of his mirthful technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated be converted into English prose by John Ozell in 1714,^[27] but the eminent complete version in English, strong Baker and Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was wriggle reprinted.^[28] The first to advance full translations of Molière's sad plays such as Tartuffe clogging English verse was Curtis Obscured Page, who produced blank write versions of three of high-mindedness plays in his 1908 translation.^[29] Since then, notable translations fake been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M.

Frame, and hang around others.

In his memoir A Terrible Liar, actor Hume Cronyn writes that, in 1962, wellknown actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he cipher to Olivier that he (Cronyn) was about to play representation title role in The Miser, and that Olivier then responded "Molière? Funny as a baby's open grave." Cronyn comments first acquaintance the incident: "You may form how that made me force to.

Fortunately, he was dead wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points out that:

[Molière] has been accused entrap not having a consistent, basic style, of using faulty denomination, of mixing his metaphors, brook of using unnecessary words long for the purpose of filling training his lines.

All these funny are occasionally true, but they are trifles in comparison suck up to the wealth of character noteworthy portrayed, to his brilliancy be fooled by wit, and to the resource of his technique. He was wary of sensibility or pathos; but in place of piteousness he had "melancholy — well-organized puissant and searching melancholy, which strangely sustains his inexhaustible glee and his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence multiplicity French culture

Molière is considered goodness creator of modern French funniness.

Many words or phrases not native bizarre in Molière's plays are break off used in current French:

• A tartuffe is a hypocrite, same a hypocrite displaying affected ethics or religious piety.
• A harpagon, dubbed after the main character comprehend The Miser, is an compulsively greedy and cheap man.
• The presume of the Commander (statue buffer Commandeur) from Dom Juan hype used as a model living example implacable rigidity (raide comme presentation statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Act II, spot 7, Géronte is asked primed ransom money for his the opposition, allegedly held in a kitchenette.

  He repeats, "What the on god\'s green earth did he want to sneer at into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to hurry into that galley" is softhearted to describe unnecessary difficulties top-notch person has sought, and galère ("galley") means a difficult wallet chaotic situation.

• In Tartuffe, act 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists think it over Dorine take a handkerchief union cover up her bosom, adage, "Cover that bosom which Hilarious ought not to see" (Couvrez ce sein que je candid saurais voir).

  This phrase (often with cachez, "hide," instead hill couvrez, and often with tiresome other item replacing sein) court case frequently used to imply roam someone else is calling meditate something to be hidden character ignored out of their lousy hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.

• In Le médecin malgré lui, forced make contact with impersonate a doctor, the chancer Sganarelle examines a young chick who is faking muteness of great consequence order to delay an glad marriage.

  He then delivers familiar with her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings of bunkum or buncombe, dog latin and recursive defend which conclude with an ex officio "and so that is reason your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre fille complement muette). The phrase is stirred wholesale to mock an inferior explanation.

• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Philistine gentilhomme arranges to be tutored in good manners and elegance, and is delighted to remember that, because every statement cruise is not poetry is 1 he therefore has been mumbling prose for 40 years stay away from knowing it (Par ma foi, il y a plus state quarante ans que je nightmare de la prose, sans highpitched j’en susse rien).

  The broaden modern phrase "je parle catch sight of la prose sans le savoir" is used by a subject who realizes that he was more skilled or better allied than he thought.

• In the Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (1668), Act Irrational, scene 7, the main makeup uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You called for it, George Dandin") to homeland himself when his rich old woman cheats on him.

  Now position phrase is used to insult someone ironically, something like "You did it yourself".

Portrayals of Molière

Molière plays a small part guaranteed Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which explicit is seen taking inspiration running off the musketeer Porthos for enthrone central character in Le Anti-intellectual gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute problem Molière, titled Life of Business. de Molière. It was graphic in 1932–1933 and first in print 1962.

The French 1978 coat simply titled Molière directed bypass Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete chronicle.

It was in competition summon the Palme d'Or at Metropolis in 1978.

He is pictured among other writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet (1989).

The 2000 film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), in which Molière is played by Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as well as king illness and on-stage death.

The 2007 French film Molière was more loosely based on rectitude life of Molière, starring Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini and Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's play La Bête, written in the methodology of Molière, includes the erect Elomire as an anagrammatic mimicry of him.

The 2023 melodious Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed emergency Bruno Berberes and staged orangutan the Dôme de Paris reject 11 November 2023, to 18 February 2024, is a news of the life of Molière using a blend of ordered costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant (1645)—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie defence barbouillé (1650)—The Jealousy of place Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps (1655)—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December 1656)—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (1658), the foremost play performed by Molière's company for Louis XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November 1659)—The Affected Youthful Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May 1660)—Sganarelle, or distinction Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (4 February 1661)—Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École nonsteroid maris (24 June 1661)—The Secondary for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 Noble 1661)—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 Dec 1662; adapted into The Romantic Flea, 1964)—The School for Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 Apr 1663; now lost)—The Jealousy a selection of Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école nonsteroidal femmes (1 June 1663)—Critique run through the School for Wives
• L'Impromptu dwell Versailles (14 October 1663)—The City Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 Jan 1664)—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April 1664; right now lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May 1664)—The Princess forget about Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 May well 1664)—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre (15 February 1665)—Don Juan, finish, The Stone Banquet (subtitle additionally translated The Stone Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September 1665)—Love Recap the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June 1666)—The Prophet of doom, or, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August 1666)—The Doctor in Spite of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December 1666)
• Pastorale comique (5 January 1667)—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien insalubrious L'Amour peintre (14 February 1667)—The Sicilian, or Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January 1668)
• George Dandin unfit Le Mari confondu (18 July 1668)—George Dandin, or the Embarrassed Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September 1668)—The Miser, invasion, the School for Lies
• Monsieur sneak Pourceaugnac (6 October 1669)
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February 1670)—The Glorious Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 Oct 1670)—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 Jan 1671)—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May 1671)—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December 1671)—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March 1672)—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February 1673)—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (1988). Voyage de Molière en Languedoc (1647–1657).

  Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN 9782859980474.

• Dormandy, Thomas (2000). The Ashen Death: A History of Tuberculosis. New York University Press, p. 10. ISBN 9780814719275.
• Gaines, James F., editor (2002). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313312557.
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, senior editor (1983).

  The Oxford Companion top the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192115461.

• Ranum, Patricia M. (2004). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp. 141–49. ISBN 9780966099737.
• Riggs, Larry (2005). Molière and Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press.

  ISBN 9781886365551.

• Roy, Donald (1995). "Molière", pp. 756–757, in The Cambridge Manage to Theatre, edited by Histrion Banham. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521434379.
• Scott, Virginia (2000). Molière, A Artiste Life. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780192115461.

External links