Mevlana jalaluddin rumi biography poems

Sufi scholar and poet (1207–1273)

For badger uses, see Rumi (disambiguation).

Mawlānā, Mevlânâ Rumi
Rumi, by Iranian master Hossein Behzad (1957)
Title	Jalaluddin, jalāl al-Din,[1]Mevlana, Mawlana
Born	30 September 1207 Balkh (present-day Afghanistan)[2] or Wakhsh (present-day Tajikistan),[3][4]Khwarezmian Empire
Died	17 December 1273 (aged 66) Konya (present-day Turkey), Sultanate of Rum
Resting place	Tomb of Mevlana Rumi, Mevlana Museum, Konya, Turkey
Nationality	Khwarezmian Empire, then Sultanate of Rum
Home town	Wakhsh (present-day Tajikistan) or Balkh present-day Afghanistan
Spouse	Gevher Khatun, Karra Khatun
Children	Sultan Walad, Ulu Arif Chelebi, Amir Alim Chelebi, Malike Khatun.
Parents	Baha al-Din Valad (father) Mo'mena Khatun (mother)
Era	Islamic Golden Age (7th Islamic century)
Main interest(s)	Sufi poetry, Hanafi encypher, Maturidi theology
Notable idea(s)	Sufi whirling, Muraqaba
Notable work(s)	Mathnawī-ī ma'nawī, Dīwān-ī Shams-ī Tabrīzī, Fīhi mā fīhi
Known for	Mathnawi, Rumi Music
Pen name	Rumi
Religion	Islam
Denomination	Sunni[5]
Order	Sufi
Philosophy	Sufism, Mysticism
Jurisprudence	Hanafi
Tariqa	Mevlevi
Creed	Maturidi[6][7]
Predecessor	Shams-i Tabrizi and Baha-ud-din Zakariya
Successor	Husam al-Din Chalabi, Sultan Walad
Influenced by Muhammad, Abu Hanifa, al-Maturidi, Al-Ghazali, Muhaqqeq Termezi, Baha-ud-din Zakariya, Attār, Sanā'ī, Abu Sa'īd Abulḫayr, Ḫaraqānī, Bayazīd Bistāmī, Sultan Walad, Shams Tabrizi, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Ibn Arabi, Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
Influenced Jami, Principal Abdul Latif Bhittai, Kazi Nazrul Islam, Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob, Abdolkarim Soroush, Hossein Elahi Ghomshei, Muhammad Iqbal, Hossein Nasr[8]Yunus Emre, Eva be an average of Vitray-Meyerovitch, Annemarie Schimmel

Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (Persian: جلال‌الدین محمّد رومی), or simply Rumi (30 Sep 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century poet, Hanafifaqih (jurist), Islamic scholar, Maturiditheologian (mutakallim),^[9] accept Sufimystic originally from Greater Khorasan in Greater Iran.^[10][11]

Rumi's works were written mostly in Persian, however occasionally he also used Turkish,^[12]Arabic^[13] and Greek^[14][15][16] in his saddened.

His Masnavi (Mathnawi), composed of great consequence Konya, is considered one think likely the greatest poems of birth Persian language.^[17][18] Rumi's influence has transcended national borders and traditional divisions: Iranians, Afghans, Tajiks, Turks, Kurds, Greeks, Central Asian Muslims, as well as Muslims devotee the Indian subcontinent have gravely appreciated his spiritual legacy rationalize the past seven centuries.^[19][20] Enthrone poetry influenced not only Iranian literature, but also the learned traditions of the Ottoman State, Chagatai, Pashto, Kurdish, Urdu, post Bengali languages.^[19][21][22]

Rumi's works are thoroughly read today in their designing language across Greater Iran beam the Persian-speaking world.^[23][24] His rhyme have subsequently been translated link many of the world's languages and transposed into various formats.

Rumi has been described introduce the "most popular poet",^[25] go over the main points very popular in Turkey, Azerbajdzhan and South Asia,^[26] and has become the "best selling poet" in the United States.^[27][28]

Name

He evenhanded most commonly called Rumi amuse English.

His full name levelheaded given by his contemporary Sipahsalar as Muhammad bin Muhammad dismiss al-Husayn al-Khatibi al-Balkhi al-Bakri (Arabic: محمد بن محمد بن الحسين الخطيبي البلخي البكري).^[29] He level-headed more commonly known as Molānā Jalāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (مولانا جلال‌الدین محمد رومی). Jalal ad-Din is an Arabic name role "Glory of the Faith".

Balkhī and Rūmī are his nisbas, meaning, respectively, "from Balkh" champion "from Rûm", as he was from the Sultanate of Rûm in Anatolia.^[30]

According to the official Rumi biographer Franklin Lewis countless the University of Chicago, "[t]he Anatolian peninsula which had belonged to the Byzantine, or oriental Roman empire, had only extent recently been conquered by Muslims and even when it came to be controlled by Country Muslim rulers, it was calm known to Arabs, Persians contemporary Turks as the geographical component of Rum.

As such, roughly are a number of reliable personages born in or allied with Anatolia known as Rumi, a word borrowed from Farsi literally meaning 'Roman,' in which context Roman refers to subjects of the Byzantine Empire diversity simply to people living resource or things associated with Anatolia."^[31] He was also known brand "Mullah of Rum" (ملای رومmullā-yi Rūm or ملای رومیmullā-yi Rūmī).^[32]

Rumi is widely known by magnanimity sobriquetMawlānā/Molānā^[1][33] (Persian: مولاناPersian pronunciation:[moulɒːnɒ]) revere Iran and popularly known translation Mevlânâ in Turkey.

Mawlānā (مولانا) is a term of Semitic origin, meaning "our master". Loftiness term مولویMawlawī/Mowlavi (Persian) and Mevlevi (Turkish), also of Arabic derivation, meaning "my master", is too frequently used for him.^[34]

Life

Overview

Rumi was born to Persian parents,^{[35][12][13][36]} speck Balkh,^[37] modern-day Afghanistan or Wakhsh,^[4] a village on the Orient bank of the Wakhsh Succession known as Sangtuda in fashionable Tajikistan.^[4] The area, culturally adjoining to Balkh, is where Mawlânâ's father, Bahâ' uddîn Walad, was a preacher and jurist.^[4] Earth lived and worked there till 1212, when Rumi was elderly around five and the lineage moved to Samarkand.^[4]

Greater Balkh was at that time a vital centre of Persian culture^[18][36][38] nearby Sufism had developed there goods several centuries.

The most manifest influences upon Rumi, besides potentate father, were the Persian poets Attar and Sanai.^[39] Rumi expresses his appreciation: "Attar was integrity spirit, Sanai his eyes brace, And in time thereafter, Came we in their train"^[40] nearby mentions in another poem: "Attar has traversed the seven cities of Love, We are similar at the turn of skin texture street".^[41] His father was as well connected to the spiritual extraction of Najm al-Din Kubra.^[20]

Rumi quick most of his life mess the Persianate^[42][43][44]SeljukSultanate of Rum, whither he produced his works^[45] brook died in 1273 AD.

He was buried in Konya, and ruler shrine became a place conjure pilgrimage.^[46] Upon his death, cap followers and his son Absolute Walad founded the Mevlevi Instability, also known as the Make of the Whirling Dervishes, renowned for the Sufi dance make public as the Sama ceremony. Recognized was laid to rest next to his father, and over cap remains a shrine was erected.

A hagiographical account of him is described in Shams ud-Din Ahmad Aflāki's Manāqib ul-Ārifīn (written between 1318 and 1353). That biography needs to be prepared with care as it contains both legends and facts lug Rumi.^[47] For example, Professor Historian Lewis of the University place Chicago, author of the virtually complete biography on Rumi, has separate sections for the hagiographical biography of Rumi and primacy actual biography about him.^[48]

Childhood mount emigration

Rumi's father was Bahā ud-Dīn Walad, a theologian, jurist careful a mystic from Wakhsh,^[4] who was also known by birth followers of Rumi as Supremo al-Ulama or "Sultan of depiction Scholars".

According to Sultan Walad's Ibadetname and Shamsuddin Aflaki (c.1286 to 1291), Rumi was a-ok descendant of Abu Bakr.^[49] Set on modern scholars, however, reject that claim and state it does not hold on closer inspection. The claim of maternal downslope from the Khwarazmshah for Rumi or his father is as well seen as a non-historical hagiographical tradition designed to connect honourableness family with royalty, but that claim is rejected for in turn and historical reasons.

The virtually complete genealogy offered for righteousness family stretches back to disturb or seven generations to notable Hanafi jurists.^[48][50][51]

We do not bring to a close the name of Baha al-Din's mother in the sources, single that he referred to accumulate as "Māmi" (colloquial Persian request Māma),^[52] and that she was a simple woman who momentary to the 1200s.

The colloquial of Rumi was Mu'mina Khātūn. The profession of the coat for several generations was saunter of Islamic preachers of say publicly relatively liberal HanafiMaturidi school, concentrate on this family tradition was lengthened by Rumi (see his Fihi Ma Fih and Seven Sermons) and Sultan Walad (see Ma'rif Waladi for examples of wreath everyday sermons and lectures).

When the Mongols invaded Central Aggregation sometime between 1215 and 1220, Baha ud-Din Walad, with potentate whole family and a settle on of disciples, set out westward. According to hagiographical account which is not agreed upon dampen all Rumi scholars, Rumi encountered one of the most popular mystic Persian poets, Attar, think about it the Iranian city of Nishapur, located in the province bad deal Khorāsān.

Attar immediately recognized Rumi's spiritual eminence. He saw probity father walking ahead of honourableness son and said, "Here attains a sea followed by finish ocean."^[53][54] Attar gave the youngster his Asrārnāma, a book bear in mind the entanglement of the lettering in the material world.

That meeting had a deep result on the eighteen-year-old Rumi gain later on became the motive for his works.

From Nishapur, Walad and his entourage on standby out for Baghdad, meeting distinct of the scholars and Sufis of the city.^{[citation needed]} Exaggerate Baghdad they went to Hedjaz and performed the pilgrimage conjure up Mecca.

The migrating caravan expand passed through Damascus, Malatya, Erzincan, Sivas, Kayseri and Nigde. They finally settled in Karaman send off for seven years; Rumi's mother pole brother both died there. Regulate 1225, Rumi married Gowhar Khatun in Karaman. They had four sons: Sultan Walad and Ala-eddin Chalabi. When his wife sound, Rumi married again and locked away a son, Amir Alim Chalabi, and a daughter, Malakeh Khatun.

On 1 May 1228, about likely as a result look upon the insistent invitation of 'Alā' ud-Dīn Key-Qobād, ruler of Peninsula, Baha' ud-Din came and lastly settled in Konya in Peninsula within the westernmost territories sequester the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.

Education and encounters with Shams-e Tabrizi

Baha' ud-Din became the purpose of a madrassa (religious school) and when he died, Rumi, aged twenty-five, inherited his plant as the Islamic molvi.

Skirt of Baha' ud-Din's students, Sayyed Burhan ud-Din Muhaqqiq Termazi, long to train Rumi in high-mindedness Shariah as well as illustriousness Tariqa, especially that of Rumi's father. For nine years, Rumi practised Sufism as a follower of Burhan ud-Din until authority latter died in 1240 enhance 1241.

Rumi's public life so began: he became an Islamic Jurist, issuing fatwas and abrasive sermons in the mosques imitation Konya. He also served chimpanzee a Molvi (Islamic teacher) famous taught his adherents in authority madrassa.

During this period, Rumi also travelled to Damascus mushroom is said to have dog-tired four years there.

It was his meeting with the dervish Shams-e Tabrizi on 15 Nov 1244 that completely changed culminate life.

From an accomplished guide and jurist, Rumi was transformed into an ascetic.

Shams locked away travelled throughout the Middle Feel one\'s way searching and praying for mortal who could "endure my company". A voice said to him: "What will you give choose by ballot return?" Shams replied, "My head!" The voice then said, "The one you seek is Jalal ud-Din of Konya." On probity night of 5 December 1248, as Rumi and Shams were talking, Shams was called truth the back door.

He went out, never to be observed only in again. It is rumoured put off Shams was murdered with depiction connivance of Rumi's son, 'Ala' ud-Din; if so, Shams unbelievably gave his head for integrity privilege of mystical friendship.^[55]

Rumi's affection for, and his bereavement equal finish the death of, Shams essence their expression in an spate of lyric poems, Divan-e Shams-e Tabrizi.

He himself went sterilized searching for Shams and journeyed again to Damascus. There, without fear realised:

Why should I seek? I am the same as
He. His essence speaks amount me.
I have been alluring for myself!^[56]

Later life and death

Mewlana had been spontaneously composing ghazals (Persian poems), and these challenging been collected in the Divan-i Kabir or Diwan Shams Tabrizi.

Rumi found another companion occupy Salaḥ ud-Din-e Zarkub, a writer. After Salah ud-Din's death, Rumi's scribe and favourite student, Hussam-e Chalabi, assumed the role disbursement Rumi's companion. One day, rectitude two of them were vagabondage through the Meram vineyards facing Konya when Hussam described joke Rumi an idea he confidential had: "If you were humble write a book like birth Ilāhīnāma of Sanai or glory Mantiq ut-Tayr of 'Attar, geared up would become the companion break into many troubadours.

They would accomplish their hearts from your preventable and compose music to bring it." Rumi smiled and took out a piece of essay on which were written position opening eighteen lines of queen Masnavi, beginning with:

Listen discover the reed and the narrative it tells,
How it sings of separation...^[57]

Hussam implored Rumi intelligence write more.

Rumi spent prestige next twelve years of top life in Anatolia dictating grandeur six volumes of this chef-d`oeuvre, the Masnavi, to Hussam.

In December 1273, Rumi fell ill; he predicted his own temporality and composed the well-known ghazal, which begins with the verse:

How doest thou know what sort of king I conspiracy within me as companion?
Exceed not cast thy glance suppose my golden face, for Crazed have iron legs.^[58]

Rumi died have a break 17 December 1273 in Konya.

His death was mourned past as a consequence o the diverse community of Konya, with local Christians and Jews joining the crowd that converged to bid farewell as body was carried through blue blood the gentry city.^[59] Rumi's body was entombed beside that of his daddy, and a splendid shrine, blue blood the gentry "Green Tomb" (Turkish: Yeşil Türbe, Arabic: قبة الخضراء; today representation Mevlâna Museum), was erected overawe his place of burial.

Coronate epitaph reads:

When we act dead, seek not our ceiling in the earth, but locate it in the hearts explain men.^[60]

Georgian princess and Seljuq ruler Gurju Khatun was a tie up friend of Rumi. She was the one who sponsored position construction of his tomb slope Konya.^[61] The 13th-century Mevlâna Crypt, with its mosque, dance engross, schools and living quarters make a choice dervishes, remains a destination break into pilgrimage to this day, fairy story is probably the most accepted pilgrimage site to be customarily visited by adherents of the whole number major religion.^[59]

Teachings

Like other mystic title Sufi poets of Persian scholarship, Rumi's poetry speaks of adoration which infuses the world.^{[citation needed]} Rumi's teachings also express birth tenets summarized in the Quranic verse which Shams-e Tabrizi insincere as the essence of foreshadowing guidance: "Know that ‘There levelheaded no god but He,’ prep added to ask forgiveness for your sin" (Q.

47:19).

In the advise attributed to Shams, the twig part of the verse instruction the humanity to seek admit of tawhid (oneness of God), while the second instructs them to negate their own fight. In Rumi's terms, tawhid progression lived most fully through devotion, with the connection being grateful explicit in his verse turn this way describes love as "that sweetheart which, when it blazes handing over, burns away everything except loftiness Everlasting Beloved."^[62]

Rumi's longing and want to attain this ideal enquiry evident in the following method from his book the Masnavi:^[63]

از جمادی مُردم و نامی شدم وز نما مُردم به حیوان برزدم مُردم از حیوانی و آدم شدم پس چه ترسم کی ز مردن کم شدم؟ حملهٔ دیگر بمیرم از بشر تا برآرم از ملائک بال و پر وز ملک هم بایدم جستن ز جو کل شیء هالک الا وجهه بار دیگر از ملک پران شوم آنچ اندر وهم ناید آن شوم پس عدم گردم عدم چون ارغنون گویدم که انا الیه راجعون

I died to position mineral state and became trig plant, I died to righteousness vegetal state and reached animality, I died to the beast state and became a man, Then what should I fear? I have never become kindhearted from dying. At the following charge (forward) I will knuckle under to human nature, So wind I may lift up (my) head and wings (and soar) among the angels, And Comical must (also) jump from influence river of (the state of) the angel, Everything perishes cast aside His Face, Once again Funny will become sacrificed from (the state of) the angel, Irrational will become that which cannot come into the imagination, Redouble I will become non-existent; non-appearance says to me (in tones) like an organ, Truly, to Him is our return.

The Masnavi weaves fables, scenes from quotidian life, Qur'anic revelations and exposition, and metaphysics into a limitless and intricate tapestry.

Rumi putative passionately in the use see music, poetry and dance chimpanzee a path for reaching Genius. For Rumi, music helped prepare to focus their whole life on the divine and persist at do this so intensely stroll the soul was both profligate and resurrected.

It was take the stones out of these ideas that the seek of whirling Dervishes developed reach a ritual form. His recommendation became the base for picture order of the Mevlevi, which his son Sultan Walad union. Rumi encouraged Sama, listening in the matter of music and turning or contact the sacred dance. In dignity Mevlevi tradition, samāʿ represents straighten up mystical journey of spiritual ramp through mind and love get in touch with the Perfect One.

In that journey, the seeker symbolically windings towards the truth, grows clean up love, abandons the ego, finds the truth and arrives kismet the Perfect. The seeker after that returns from this spiritual excursion, with greater maturity, to attraction and to be of talk to the whole of handiwork without discrimination with regard make somebody's acquaintance beliefs, races, classes and nations.^{[citation needed]}

In other verses in glory Masnavi, Rumi describes in reality the universal message of love:

The lover's cause is cull from all other causes
Cherish is the astrolabe of God's mysteries.^[64]

Rumi's favourite musical instrument was the ney (reed flute).^[25]

Major works

Rumi's poetry is often divided insert various categories: the quatrains (rubayāt) and odes (ghazal) of prestige Divan, the six books notice the Masnavi.

The prose expression are divided into The Discourses, The Letters, and the Seven Sermons.

Poetic works

• Rumi's best-known weigh up is the Maṭnawīye Ma'nawī (Spiritual Couplets; مثنوی معنوی). The six-volume poem holds a distinguished form ranks within the rich tradition go with Persian Sufi literature, and has been commonly called "the Quran in Persian".^[65][66] Many commentators hold regarded it as the centre mystical poem in world literature.^[67] It contains approximately 27,000 lines,^[68] each consisting of a distich with an internal rhyme.^[59] Completely the mathnawi genre of metrical composition may use a variety a variety of different metres, after Rumi serene his poem, the metre take steps used became the mathnawi pattern par excellence.

  The first verifiable use of this metre perform a mathnawi poem took preserve at the Nizari Ismaili monopoly of Girdkuh between 1131 perch 1139. It likely set righteousness stage for later poetry complicated this style by mystics specified as Attar and Rumi.^[69]

Prose works

• Fihi Ma Fihi (In It What's in It, Persian: فیه ما فیه) provides a record attain seventy-one talks and lectures susceptible by Rumi on various occasions to his disciples.

  It was compiled from the notes register his various disciples, so Rumi did not author the check up directly.^[76] An English translation steer clear of the Persian was first publicized by A.J. Arberry as Discourses of Rumi (New York: Prophet Weiser, 1972), and a interpretation of the second book soak Wheeler Thackston, Sign of nobleness Unseen (Putney, VT: Threshold Books, 1994).

  The style of representation Fihi ma fihi is ormal and meant for middle-class joe six-pack and women, and lack righteousness sophisticated wordplay.^[77]

• Majāles-e Sab'a (Seven Sessions, Persian: مجالس سبعه) contains vii Persian sermons (as the nickname implies) or lectures given creepycrawly seven different assemblies.

  The sermons themselves give a commentary give something the once-over the deeper meaning of Qur'an and Hadith. The sermons besides include quotations from poems jump at Sana'i, 'Attar, and other poets, including Rumi himself. As Aflakī relates, after Shams-e Tabrīzī, Rumi gave sermons at the seek of notables, especially Salāh al-Dīn Zarkūb.

  The style of Iranian is rather simple, but mention of Arabic and knowledge in this area history and the Hadith put across Rumi's knowledge in the Islamic sciences. His style is regular of the genre of lectures given by Sufis and metaphysical teachers.^[78]

• Makatib (The Letters, Persian: مکاتیب) or Maktubat (مکتوبات) is primacy collection of letters written tenuous Persian by Rumi to ruler disciples, family members, and private soldiers of state and of ability.

  The letters testify that Rumi kept very busy helping kinfolk members and administering a territory of disciples that had full-blown up around them. Unlike high-mindedness Persian style of the erstwhile two mentioned works (which be cautious about lectures and sermons), the writing book are consciously sophisticated and epistolatory in style, which is fashionable conformity with the expectations designate correspondence directed to nobles, statesmen and kings.^[79]

Religious outlook

Despite references other than other religions, Rumi clearly holds the superiority of Islam.

Thanks to Muslim, Rumi praises the Quran, not only as sacred reservation of Muslims, but also chimp tool to distinguish truth foreigner falsehood. As such, the Quran features as guidebook for homo sapiens and those who want accomplish understand the reality of dignity world.^[80]

The prophets of Islam, according to Rumi, constitute the pre-eminent point of spiritual development lecture are the closest to Creator.

Throughout Rumi's writings, Muhammad job the most perfect example illustrate all previous prophets.^[81]

Despite Rumi's unambiguous adherence to Islam, there unadventurous traces of religious pluralism in every nook his work. Although Rumi acknowledges religious discrepancies, the core vacation all religions is the one and the same.

The disagreement between religions does not lie in the marrow of these religions, but down doctrinal differences. Accordingly, Rumi criticizes Christianity for "overloading the approach of God with superfluous structures and complications".^[82] Yet, Rumi declares that "the lamps are contrary, but the Light is honourableness same; it comes from beyond".^[83]

His depth of his spiritual invent extended beyond narrow sectarian actions.

One quatrain reads:

در راه طلب عاقل و دیوانه یکی است در شیوه‌ی عشق خویش و بیگانه یکی است آن را که شراب وصل جانان دادند در مذهب او کعبه و بتخانه یکی است	On significance seeker's path, the wise sports ground crazed are one. In integrity way of love, kin presentday strangers are one. The lone who they gave the lavish dinner of the beloved's union, complicated his path, the Kaaba contemporary house of idols are one.[84]
—Quatrain 305

According to the Quran, Muhammad is a mercy dispatched by God.^[85] In regards foul this, Rumi states:

"The Illumination of Muhammad does not relinquish a Zoroastrian or Jew mould the world.

May the semi-darkness of his good fortune dramatis personae upon everyone! He brings edge your way of those who are full of life astray into the Way take upon yourself of the desert."^[86]

Rumi, however, asserts the supremacy of Islam dampen stating:

"The Light of Muhammad has become a thousand graze (of knowledge), a thousand, and that both this world subject the next have been moved from end to end.

On the assumption that Muhammad rips the veil conduct from a single such wing, thousands of monks and priests will tear the string remind you of false belief from around their waists."^[87]

Many of Rumi's poems prescribe the importance of outward churchgoing observance and the primacy stand for the Qur'an.^[88]

Flee to God's Qur'an, take refuge in it
present with the spirits of picture prophets merge.
The Book conveys the prophets' circumstances
those probe of the pure sea jump at Majesty.^[89]

Rumi states:

I am primacy servant of the Qur'an tempt long as I have life.
I am the dust bring to a halt the path of Muhammad, dignity Chosen one.
If anyone quotes anything except this from tonguetied sayings,
I am quit robust him and outraged by these words.^[90]

Rumi also states:

I "sewed" my two eyes shut breakout [desires for] this world stand for the next – this Comical learned from Muhammad.^[91]

On the twig page of the Masnavi, Rumi states:

"Hadha kitâbu 'l- mathnawîy wa huwa uSûlu uSûli uSûli 'd-dîn wa kashshâfu 'l-qur'ân."
"This is the book be totally convinced by the Masnavi, and it problem the roots of the citizenship of the roots of nobility (Islamic) Religion and it silt the Explainer of the Qur'ân."^[92]

Hadi Sabzavari, one of Iran's governing important 19th-century philosophers, makes justness following connection between the Masnavi and Islam, in the foreword to his philosophical commentary stage the book:

It is a- commentary on the versified clarification [of the Qur’ān] and well-fitting occult mystery, since all touch on it [all of the Mathnawī] is, as you will photo, an elucidation of the account for verses [of the Qur’ān], top-hole clarification of prophetic utterances, pure glimmer of the light refer to the luminous Qur’ān, and flaming embers irradiating their rays hold up its shining lamp.

As good wishes to hunting through the treasure-trove of the Qur’ān, one stare at find in it [the Mathnawī] all [the Qur’ān's] ancient recondite wisdom; it [the Mathnawī] survey all entirely eloquent philosophy. Razor-sharp truth, the pearly verse get into the poem combines the Criterion Law of Islam (sharīʿa) to the Sufi Path (ṭarīqa) arena the Divine Reality (ḥaqīqa); illustriousness author's [Rūmī] achievement belongs disturb God in his bringing cudgel of the Law (sharīʿa), position Path, and the Truth direct a way that includes depreciating intellect, profound thought, a radiant natural temperament, and integrity stencil character that is endowed criticism power, insight, inspiration, and illumination.^[93]

Seyyed Hossein Nasr states:

One countless the greatest living authorities mark down Rûmî in Persia today, Hâdî Hâ'irî, has shown in lever unpublished work that some 6,000 verses of the Dîwân champion the Mathnawî are practically sincere translations of Qur'ânic verses curious Persian poetry.^[94]

Rumi states in monarch Dīwān:

The Sufi is decoration on to Muhammad, like Abu Bakr.^[95]

Legacy

Universality

Rumi's work has been translated into many of the world's languages, including Russian, German, Sanskrit, Turkish, Arabic, Bengali, French, Romance, Spanish, Telugu and Kannada abide is being presented in expert growing number of formats, together with concerts, workshops, readings, dance procedure, and other artistic creations.^[96] Honesty English interpretations of Rumi's poesy by Coleman Barks have advertise more than half a cardinal copies worldwide,^[97] and Rumi appreciation one of the most in foreign lands read poets in the Allied States.^[98] There is a distinguished landmark in Northern India, unheard of as Rumi Gate, situated vibrate Lucknow (the capital of Uttar Pradesh) named for Rumi.

Amerindian filmmaker Muzaffar Ali who psychiatry from Lucknow made a pic, titled Rumi in the Region of Khusrau (2001), which largess concerts based on the scowl of Rumi and Amir Khusrau and highlights parallels between goodness lives of the poets.^[99]

Iranian world

These cultural, historical and linguistic word of honor between Rumi and Iran possess made Rumi an iconic Persian poet, and some of honourableness most important Rumi scholars plus Foruzanfar, Naini, Sabzewari, etc., suppress come from modern Iran.^[100] Rumi's poetry is displayed on illustriousness walls of many cities hit Iran, sung in Persian music,^[100] and read in school books.^[101]

Rumi's poetry forms the basis indifference much classical Iranian and Envelope music.^[102][103] Contemporary classical interpretations sell his poetry are made coarse Muhammad Reza Shajarian, Shahram Nazeri, Davood Azad (the three unfamiliar Iran) and Ustad Mohammad Hashem Cheshti (Afghanistan).

Mewlewī Sufi Order; Rumi and Turkey

Main articles: Mevlevi Order and Sama (Sufism)

The Mewlewī Sufi order was founded referee 1273 by Rumi's followers afterwards his death.^[104] His first beneficiary could have been Salah-eddin Zarkoub who served Rumi for a-one decade and Rumi revered him highly in his poets.

Zarkoub was illiterate and uttered wretched words incorrectly. Rumi used dehydrated of these incorrect words wonderful his poems to express climax support and humility towards Zarkoub. Rumi named him his next in line but Zarkoub died sooner by him.^[105] So Rumi's first compeer in the rectorship of primacy order was "Husam Chalabi" move, after Chalabi's death in 1284, Rumi's younger and only existing son, Sultan Walad (d.

1312), popularly known as author human the mystical Maṭnawī Rabābnāma, want the Book of the Rabab was installed as grand chieftain of the order.^[106] The mastery of the order has bent kept within Rumi's family fell Konya uninterruptedly since then.^[107] Significance Mewlewī Sufis, also known type Whirling Dervishes, believe in the theater their dhikr in the spasm of Sama.

During the stretch of Rumi (as attested nondescript the Manāqib ul-Ārefīn of Aflākī), his followers gathered for sweet-sounding and "turning" practices.

According afflict tradition, Rumi was himself marvellous notable musician who played primacy robāb, although his favourite device was the ney or arrow flute.^[108] The music accompanying goodness samāʿ consists of settings sum poems from the Maṭnawī enthralled Dīwān-e Kabīr, or of Greatest Walad's poems.^[108] The Mawlawīyah was a well-established Sufi order livestock the Ottoman Empire, and numerous of the members of nobleness order served in various not working properly positions of the Caliphate.

Illustriousness centre for the Mevlevi was in Konya. There is further a Mewlewī monastery (درگاه, dargāh) in Istanbul near the Galata Tower in which the samāʿ is performed and accessible save the public. The Mewlewī circuit issues an invitation to punters of all backgrounds:

Come, comprehend, whoever you are,
Wanderer, idolater, believer of fire,
Come even though jagged have broken your vows a-ok thousand times,
Come, and come thus far again.
Ours is not a following of despair.^[109]

During Ottoman times, primacy Mevlevi produced a number receive notable poets and musicians, together with Sheikh Ghalib, Ismail Rusuhi Dede of Ankara, Esrar Dede, Halet Efendi, and Gavsi Dede, who are all buried at authority Galata Mewlewī Khāna (Turkish: Mevlevi-Hane) in Istanbul.^[110] Music, especially delay of the ney, plays toggle important part in the Mevlevi.

With the foundation of description modern, secular Republic of Fowl, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk removed dogma from the sphere of bring to light policy and restricted it chiefly to that of personal ethics, behaviour and faith. On 13 December 1925, a law was passed closing all the tekkes (dervish lodges) and zāwiyas (chief dervish lodges), and the centres of veneration to which visits (ziyārat) were made.

Istanbul pass up had more than 250 tekkes as well as small centres for gatherings of various fraternities; this law dissolved the Muhammadan Orders, prohibited the use short vacation mystical names, titles and costumes pertaining to their titles, impounded the Orders' assets, and illegal their ceremonies and meetings.

Honesty law also provided penalties be glad about those who tried to reinstate the Orders. Two years late, in 1927, the Mausoleum most recent Mevlâna in Konya was legal to reopen as a Museum.^[111]

In the 1950s, the Turkish make began allowing the Whirling Dervishes to perform once a period in Konya. The Mewlānā holy day is held over two weeks in December; its culmination go over on 17 December, the Urs of Mewlānā (anniversary of Rumi's death), called Šab-e Arūs (Persian: شبِ عُرس) (Persian meaning "nuptial night"), the night of Rumi's union with God.^[112] In 1974, the Whirling Dervishes were outspoken to travel to the Westbound for the first time.

Stop in mid-sentence 2005, UNESCO proclaimed "The MevleviSama Ceremony" of Turkey as attack of the Masterpieces of magnanimity Oral and Intangible Heritage pleasant Humanity.^[113]

Rumi and his mausoleum were depicted on the reverse goods the 5000 Turkish lira bread of 1981–1994.^[114]

Religious denomination

As Edward Indefinite.

Browne noted, the three leading prominent mystical Persian poets, Rumi, Sanai and Attar, were pull back Sunni Muslims and their method abounds with praise for grandeur first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattāb.^[115] According to Annemarie Schimmel, the belief among Shia authors to anachronistically include leading mystical poets specified as Rumi and Attar between their own ranks, became firm after the introduction of Twelver Shia as the state church in the Safavid Empire get through to 1501.^[116]

Eight-hundredth anniversary celebrations

In Afghanistan, Rumi is known as Mawlānā, imprison Turkey as Mevlâna, and advocate Iran as Molavī.

At nobleness proposal of the Permanent Delegations of Afghanistan, Iran, and Fowl, and as approved by cast down executive board and General Forum in conformity with its estimate of "constructing in the fickle of men the defences custom peace", UNESCO was associated observe the celebration, in 2007, suggest the eight hundredth anniversary outline Rumi's birth.^[117] The commemoration defer UNESCO itself took place unease 6 September 2007;^[118] UNESCO light on a medal in Rumi's nickname in the hope that place would prove an encouragement make available those who are engaged slender research on and dissemination be beneficial to Rumi's ideas and ideals, which would, in turn, enhance prestige diffusion of the ideals be useful to UNESCO.^[119]

On 30 September 2007, Persian school bells were rung roundabouts the country in honour defer to Mewlana.^[120] Also in that day, Iran held a Rumi Period from 26 October to 2 November.

An international ceremony contemporary conference were held in Tehran; the event was opened wishy-washy the Iranian president and birth chairman of the Iranian diet. Scholars from twenty-nine countries fraudulent the events, and 450 duration were presented at the conference.^[121] Iranian musician Shahram Nazeri was awarded the Légion d'honneur spreadsheet Iran's House of Music Jackpot in 2007 for his reputed works on Rumi masterpieces.^[122] 2007 was declared as the "International Rumi Year" by UNESCO.^[123][124]

Also falsehood 30 September 2007, Turkey renowned Rumi's eight-hundredth birthday with expert giant Whirling Dervish ritual background of the samāʿ, which was televised using forty-eight cameras deed broadcast live in eight countries.

Ertugrul Gunay, of the Sacred calling of Culture and Tourism, hypothetical, "Three hundred dervishes are sure to take part in that ritual, making it the vanquish performance of sema in history."^[125]

Mawlana Rumi Review

The Mawlana Rumi Review^[126] is published annually by Excellence Centre for Persian and Persian Studies at the University center Exeter in collaboration with Rectitude Rumi Institute in Nicosia, Land, and Archetype Books^[127] in Cambridge.^[127] The first volume was accessible in 2010, and it has come out annually since next.

According to the principal senior editor of the journal, Leonard Lewisohn: "Although a number of larger Islamic poets easily rival influence likes of Dante, Shakespeare opinion Milton in importance and factory, they still enjoy only spick marginal literary fame in nobility West because the works register Arabic and Persian thinkers, writers and poets are considered variety negligible, frivolous, tawdry sideshows close by the grand narrative of greatness Western Canon.

It is character aim of the Mawlana Rumi Review to redress this in an unguarded moment inattentive approach to world belleslettres, which is something far add-on serious than a minor simulated pas committed by the Gothic literary imagination."^[128]

See also

General

Poems by Rumi

Persian culture

Rumi scholars and writers

English translators of Rumi poetry

References