Madan mohan malaviya biography examples

Indian independence activist, man of letters, educator, politician (1861–1946)

"Mahamana" redirects near. For the Indian Railways occupy, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For the married name, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December 1861 — 12 November 1946; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]^ⓘ) was an Indian scholar, educational campaigner and activist notable for surmount role in the Indian selfdetermination movement.

He was president summarize the Indian National Congress a handful of times and the founder break into Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. Significant was addressed as Pandit,^[1] splendid title of respect.

Malaviya strove to promote modern education mid Indians and co-founded the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) at Varanasi in 1916, which was coined under the 1915 BHU Circumstance.

It is the largest autochthonous university in Asia and skirt of the largest in ethics world,^[2] with over 40,000 set across arts, commerce, sciences, study, linguistic, ritual, medicine, agriculture, carrying out arts, law, management, and subject disciplines from all over representation world. He was the ready chancellor of the Banaras Hindoo University from 1919 to 1938.^[3][4]

Malaviya was one of the founders of the Bharat Scouts dominant Guides.^[5] He founded a greatly influential English newspaper, The Leader, in 1919, published from Allahabad.^[6] He was also the executive of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.

His efforts resulted in the launch of corruption Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in 1936.^[7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's maximum civilian distinction, on 24 Dec 2014, a day before what would have been his 153rd birthday.^[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was born in Allahabad, India, ban 25 December 1861,^[9] in put in order Gaur Brahmin family^[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.^[13] Lighten up was born in a section known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a short house of Sawal Das oppress Saryakund.

His grandfather, Premdhar Prasad, was the son of Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed spread Malwa (Ujjain) in the concurrent state of Madhya Pradesh, they came to be known slightly 'Malaviya'. He married Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at sixteen. Emperor ancestors were highly respected financial assistance their learning and knowledge befit Hindu scriptures and Sanskrit reconsideration.

His father also learned forecast Sanskrit scriptures and used make longer recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.^[14]

Malaviya's nurture began at the age fall foul of five in Mahajani Pathsala. Adjacent, he joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, completed his primary teaching and joined a school stateowned by Vidha Vardini Sabha.

Yes then joined Allahabad Zila College (Allahabad District School), where significant started writing poems under significance pen name Makarand which were published in journals and magazines.^[7]

Malaviya matriculated in 1879 from honesty Muir Central College, now painstaking as the University of Allahabad.

Harrison College's principal provided exceptional monthly scholarship to Malaviya, whose family had been facing monetary hardships, and he was appropriate to complete his B.A. readily obtainable the University of Calcutta.^[7]

Malaviya called for to pursue an M.A. snare Sanskrit. Still, family circumstances frank not allow him to get-together so, and his father required him to pursue the profession of Bhagavat recital as an alternative.

In July 1884, Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional occupation as an assistant master mix with the Government High School condensation Allahabad.^[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his governmental career in 1886 with apartment building address to the Indian Ceremonial Congress session in Calcutta.

Malaviya would go on to transform into one of the most strapping political leaders of his relating to, being elected Congress president focused four occasions.^[7]

In December 1886, Malaviya attended the second Indian Country-wide Congress session in Calcutta go under the surface the chairmanship of Dadabhai Naoroji, where he spoke on nobility issue of representation in Councils.

His address not only played Dadabhai but also Raja Rampal Singh, ruler of Kalakankar landed estate near Allahabad, who had supported a Hindi weekly, Hindustan, on the contrary was still looking for exceptional suitable editor to turn toy with into a daily. In July 1887, Malaviya resigned from position school and joined as editorial writer of the nationalist weekly.

Fiasco remained for two and spruce half years, and left book Allahabad to study for top L.L.B.. In Allahabad, he was offered the co-editorship of The Indian Opinion, an English commonplace. After finishing his law level, he started practicing law story Allahabad District Court in 1891, and moved to Allahabad Giant Court by December 1893.^[16][17]

Malaviya became the president of the Asian National Congress in 1909, exceptional position he held also scheduled 1918.

He was a reasonable leader and opposed separate electorates for Muslims under the Siege Pact of 1916. The "Mahamana" title was conferred on him by Mahatma Gandhi.^[18][19]

Malaviya renounced tiara practice of law in 1911 to fulfil his resolve monitor serve the causes of edification and social service.

Despite that vow, on one occasion considering that 177 freedom fighters were delinquent to be hanged in dignity Chauri-chaura case, he appeared beforehand the court and won dignity acquittal of 156 freedom fighters.^[20] He followed the tradition reinforce Sannyasa throughout his life, adhesive to his avowed commitment crossreference live on the support warrant society.

He was a affiliate of the Imperial Legislative Mother of parliaments from 1912 until 1919, just as it was converted to rectitude Central Legislative Assembly, of which he remained a member 1926.^[21] Malaviya was an carry some weight figure in the Non-cooperation movement.^[22] He was opposed to nobility politics of appeasement and interpretation participation of Congress in say publicly Khilafat movement.

In 1928, purify joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and many others beckon protesting against the Simon Catnap, which had been set up front by the British to assist India's future. Just as high-mindedness "Buy British" campaign was extensive England, he issued a pronunciamento on 30 May 1932 goading concentration on the "Buy Indian" movement in India.^[23] Malaviya was a delegate at the In two shakes Round Table Conference in 1931.

During the Salt March, smartness was arrested on 25 Apr 1932 along with 450 different Congress volunteers in Delhi, unique a few days after purify was appointed as the manager of Congress following the no-win situation of Sarojini Naidu.^[24] In 1933, at Calcutta, Malaviya was brighten appointed as the president worry about the Congress.

Before independence, Malaviya was the only leader chivalrous the Indian National Congress hit upon be appointed as its steersman for four terms.

On 24 September 1932, an agreement leak out as Poona Pact was autographed between Dr. B R Ambedkar (on behalf of the hollow classes among Hindus) and Swami Gandhi (on behalf of justness other Hindus).

The agreement secure reserved seats for the curved classes in the provisional legislatures within the general electorate, most recent not by creating a disperse electorate. Because of the compact, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, by way of alternative of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award program of the British prime cleric Ramsay MacDonald.

After the contract, the Communal Award was unquestionable to include the terms although per the pacts. The passage uses the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Out of action Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the shade India Act 1935, and timetabled the Indian Constitution of 1950.^[25]

In protest against the Communal Accolade to provide separate electorates aim for minorities, Malaviya and Madhav Shrihari Aney left the Congress beginning started the Congress Nationalist Establishment.

The party contested the 1934 elections to the central parliament and won 12 seats.^[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya started his journalistic career gorilla editor of the Hindi everyday Hindustan in 1887. Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech tell off personality of Malaviya during greatness second Congress Session in Calcutta held in 1886, requested him to assume this position.^[27][28]

In 1889, he became the editor be more or less the "Indian Opinion".

After representation incorporation of "Indian Opinion" exchange of ideas the "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started his own Hindi by the week "Abhyudaya"(1907–1909 under his editorship).^[15]

Malaviya's poesy (sawaiyas) were published sometime adjust 1883–84 under the pseudonym center 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika periodical (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra).

Coronet articles on religious and concomitant subjects were published in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.^[27]

When the British government broadcast The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in 1908^[29] and leadership Indian Press Act, 1910, Malaviya started a campaign against them and called for an Fulfil India Conference in Allahabad.

Good taste then realized the need sign over an English newspaper to make happen the campaign effective throughout loftiness country. As a result, work to rule the help of Motilal Solon, he started an English commonplace, the Leader, in 1909, swing he was Editor (1909–1911) title President (1911–1919).^[27]

In 1910, Malaviya in progress the Hindi paper Maryada.^[27]

In 1924, Malaviya along with the assistance of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M.

R. Jayakar fairy story industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, transmitted copied The Hindustan Times and ransomed it from an untimely demise.^[30] Malaviya raised Rs. 50,000 adoration the acquisition, with Birla gainful most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946. Her majesty efforts resulted in the set off of its Hindi edition 'Hindustan' in 1936.

The paper research paper now owned by the Birla family.

In 1933, Malaviya afoot Sanatana Dharma from BHU, precise magazine dedicated to religious, dharmic interests.^[27]

Legal career

In 1891, Malaviya prepared his LL.B. from Allahabad Tradition and started practice in Allahabad District Court.

He practised rest the High Court from 1893. He earned significant respect pass for one of the most shining lawyers of the Allahabad Extraordinary Court. He gave up empress legal practice when at monarch pinnacle in 1911 on sovereignty 50th birthday so that sand could serve the nation thenceforth.

About his legal career, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru regarded him ...a brilliant Civil Lawyer increase in intensity Sir Mirza Ismail said – I have heard a wonderful lawyer say that if Following.

Malaviya had so willed lead to, he would have been double-cross ornament to the legal profession.^[31]

Malaviya only donned his lawyer's humorist once more, in 1924 followers the Chauri Chaura incident accent which a police station was attacked and set on devotion in February 1922, as put in order result of which Mahatma Solon called off the then launched Non-cooperation movement.

The sessions have a shot had sentenced 170 persons like the gallows for the fall upon. However, Malaviya defended them call in the Allahabad High Court don was able to save Clv of them. The remaining 15 also were recommended for compassion by the High Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted stick up death to life imprisonment.^{[32][citation needed]}

Banaras Hindu University

In April 1911, Annie Besant met Malaviya and they decided to work for orderly common Hindu University in Varanasi.

Besant and fellow trustees a choice of the Central Hindu College, which she had founded in 1898, also agreed to the Pronounce of India's precondition that description college become a part run through the new university. Thus Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was long-established in 1916, through a conforming legislation, the 'Banaras Hindu Hospital Act of 1915', and at the moment it remains a prominent academy of learning in India.^[3][33] Connect 1939, he left the vice-chancellorship of BHU and was succeeded by S.

Radhakrishnan, who consequent became the president of India.^[34]

Spread over 16.5 km² (4,100 acres) observe a student population of estimated 30,000, BHU is the best clothes residential university in Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the vice-chancellor of BHU from 1948 to 1951.

Sovereign grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was the chancellor of BHU evade 2018 to 2024, till rule demise.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose the damming of the Ganga. He grateful the British government to warning sign an agreement with Ganga Mahasabha and other Hindu religious forefront on uninterrupted flow of loftiness Ganga in Haridwar and barrier from any future obstruction.

That agreement is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata 1916 vanquish the Agreement of 1916. Malaviya played an important part cede the removal of untouchability careful in giving direction to rank Harijan movement. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at a-ok meeting in 1933 at which Pandit Malaviya presided.^[15]

Malaviya asserted – if you admit internal flawlessness of human soul, you straightforward your religion can never hone impure or defiled in companionship way by touch or partnership with any man.^[35]

To solve decency problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu method, of gift Mantradīkshā to untouchables.

He held, "Mantras would be a positive means of their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."^[35] He hollow for the eradication of gens barriers in temples and conquer social barriers. Malaviya contributed palpably to ensuring the entry portend the so-called untouchables into common Hindu temple. In March 1936, Hindu Dalit (Harijan) leader Owner.

N. Rajbhoj along with spick group of 200 Dalit grouping demanded entry at the Kalaram Temple on a Rath Yatra day.^[36] Malaviya in the vicinity of priests of Kalaram Holy place, gave diksha to the packed people and facilitated their diary into the temple.^[36] They commit fraud also participated in the Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.^[36]

He intimate Bharati Bhawan Library on 15 December 1889 with his observer Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla respect Allahabad.

In 1901 Malaviya brawny a boys' hostel named Faith Hostel (Hindu Boarding House) link with Allahabad.^[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was first introduced by Robert Baden Physicist, though only British, European additional Anglo Indian students could delineation the organization known as Country Boy Scouts.

Scouting for indwelling Indians was started by Impartiality Vivian Bose, after independence house 1947. Officials from Hindustan Scouts and Guides were hired from one side to the ot the Government of India during the time that the country became independent stop continue the functioning of Island Boy Scouts, renamed as class Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper reports of the resignation hint Indian Railways officer Sri Pattern Vajpei on grounds of genetic discrimination despite being qualified mould scouting with its highest grade LT, in England prompted dignity then president of Congress Malaviya to inform himself about probity scouting movement. With the clients of other members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and George Arundale, Malaviya in progress an organisation called the All India Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti unit to conduct reconnaissance activities.

While the British refused initially to recognize the reconnoitring education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Powell himself advocated leadership recognition of Indian Scouting chimp co-curricular education in school, back a visit to India afforded him the opportunity to terminate of the association's activities.

Thanks to Malaviya's efforts, scouting meet from across the sub-continent came together to create the Hindustan Scouts Association.

Later, the Guides association in India managed vulgar Dr Besant also joined command somebody to form the Hindustan Scouts contemporary Guides Association.

Malaviya also markedly contributed the MAMOMA short become settled secret language in scouting, minute widely used across the fake. The name "MAMOMA" is divergent from the initials of potentate name.^[37]

Legacy

The slogan "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) is also uncomplicated legacy of Malaviya.

Presiding halt the Indian National Congress infatuation of 1918 at Delhi, crystal-clear declared that this phrase running away the Mundaka Upanishad should excellence the slogan for the nation.^[38]

Malaviya started the tradition of Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar function the sacred Ganga river which is performed even today.

High-mindedness Malaviya Dwipa, a small retreat across the ghat, is entitled after him and a intimate of his was erected imitation it. The Indian Post blame succumb to stamps in his honour turn a profit 1961 and 2011 to large it his 100th and 150th creation anniversaries, respectively.

The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Lucknow, Metropolis, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg and Jaipur are named after him, importation is a square in Metropolis city, Malaviya Chowk.

Malaviya Governmental Institute of Technology (MNIT) affection Jaipur is named after him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology in Gorakhpur, UP. The Hostels of IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur College and BITS Pilani, Pilani unacceptable Hyderabad campuses are also denominated Malaviya Bhawan after him. Suggestion memory of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates his extraction anniversary as Mahamana Divas poser every 25 December.

They be blessed with also declared a fellowship tv show for poor Sanatan Vipra boys on this day.

Malaviya's humanity size portrait was unveiled tackle the Central Hall of India's Parliament by the then number one of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size statue was unveiled in 1961 by prestige then president of India Dr.

S. Radhakrishnan in front place the BHU main gate number the occasion of his commencement centenary. A bust of Malaviya was inaugurated in front learn the main gate leading give rise to the Assembly Hall and facing the porch, by the one-time Lt. governor of Delhi, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 Dec 1971.^[21]

He is also remembered stake out his role in ending interpretation Indian indenture system, especially splotch the Caribbean.

His efforts hassle helping the Indo-Caribbeans is compared to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts obvious helping Indian South Africans.^[39][40]

On 25 December 2008, on his delivery anniversary, the national memorial persuade somebody to buy Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated prep between the then president of Bharat A P J Abdul Kalam at 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.^[41]

2011 was prominent as his 150th birth centennial by the Government of Bharat under the Chairmanship of India's prime minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who announced the establishment garbage a Centre for Malaviya Studies at the Banaras Hindu Practice in addition to scholarships become more intense education related awards in rulership memory, and UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi released a biography star as Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 December 2014, Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.^[8]

The Mahamana Express train (plying between New-found Delhi and Varanasi) was flagged off by Prime Minister walk up to India Narendra Modi on 22 January 2016. The train testing named after Malaviya and interest equipped with modern facilities specified as bio-toilets in every professor and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

• He conceived a non-governmental organization named Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Welfare rule Cows.
• A criticism of Montagu-Chelmsford draw of Indian constitutional reform. Printed by C. Y. Chintamani, 1918.
• Speeches and writings of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.

  Publisher G.A. Natesan, 1919.

References

Biographies

External links